کاربرد غشای پلیمری در نمک زدایی از آب

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

فرایندهای غشایی از مرسوم‌ترین روش‌ها برای شیرین‌سازی آب و حذف نمک‌ها از آب‌های شور به شمار می‌آیند و با توجه به برآورد هزینه و مصرف انرژی، فرایندهای مناسبی هستند که کاربرد عملی گسترده‌ای دارند. طراحی غشاها به شکل­ ها و اندازه­ های گوناگون، انجام فرایند جداسازی در دمای محیط، کم­ترین مصرف مواد شیمیایی مانند حلال‌ها و سایر افزودنی‌ها از برتری‌های فناوری غشایی نسبت به فرایندهای معمول و کلاسیک جداسازی می­ باشند. فرایندهای غشایی متفاوتی برای شیرین‌سازی آب استفاده می‌شود که شامل فرایندهای غشایی اسمز معکوس، الکترودیالیز، میکروفیلتراسیون، اولترافیلتراسیون و نانوفیلتراسیون می‌باشند که البته اهمیت دو روش اسمزمعکوس و الکترودیالیز از سایر روش‌ها بیش ­تر است.  غشاهای به­کار رفته در صنعت شیرین‌سازی آب به­طور عمده از انواع پلیمرها هستند و پلیمرها با توجه به تنوع ساختاری و ویژگی ­ها از جایگاه ویژه‌ای دراین ‌بین برخوردارند به‌طوری‌که دامنه کاربرد آن‌ها در فرایندهای غشایی در حال افزایش است. از مناسب‌ترین و کارآمدترین غشاهای پلیمری قابل کاربرد در کشور می‌توان به سلولزاستات، غشاهای کامپوزیتی پلی آمید، پلی سولفون ، پلی‌اتیلن، پلی‌پروپیلن ، پلی کربنات، پلی تترا فلورو اتیلن، پلی وینیلیدین فلوراید و پلی دی متیل سیلوکسان اشاره کرد. روش‌های مهم بهبود کارایی غشاهای پلیمری برای نمک‌زدایی از آب شامل موردهای بسیاری است که تهیه کوپلیمرها و همچنین آمیزه‌های پلیمری، انجام اصلاح های شیمیایی بر روی ساختار پلیمرها و یا عامل دار کردن شیمیایی آن‌ها، تهیه کامپوزیت‌ها، و انجام اصلاحات فیزیکی و یا شیمیایی در سطح برخی پلیمرها از اولویت بالاتری برخوردارند که باید به بروز تلفیقی از ویژگی­ های دلخواه مکانیکی، آب ‌دوستی، شیمیایی، گرمایی و مقاومت هیدرولیزی در پلیمر منجر شود و در همان حال پلیمر مربوطه از شار و طرد نمک چشمگیری نیز برخوردار باشد. در این مقاله، فرایندهای غشایی و پلیمرهای گوناگون مورداستفاده در این صنعت معرفی خواهند شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


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