ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modification and Optimization of Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Shell
In the present research, extraction of chitin from shrimp shell was optimized. The optimized parameters consisted of temperature, reaction time and sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid concentrations in extraction processes including demineralization and deproteinazation. In literature, deproteinazation process before demineralization is reported, but our research revealed that the deproteinazation process after demineralization will result in higher yield. According to results, the best time and concentration for hydrochloric acid in the demineralization process are 8 h and 55 °C, respectively. The best time and concentration for sodium hydroxide in deproteinazation process are 12 h and 65 °C, respectively. We found that in the process of demineralization, use of 3N hydrochloric acid instead of 4N, 25% less uses of HCl. For the deproteinazation process 3N sodium hydroxide is the best concentration.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7513_dac0d579847b2de59360d25d1a59945d.pdf
2011-04-21
1
9
Modified chitin extraction
Shrimp shell
demineralization
Deproteinization
Ali
Giasodin
1
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Seyed Abbas
Shojaosadati
shoja_sa@modares.ac.ir
2
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Vasheghani Farahani,
evf@modares.ac.ir
3
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] "International Chitin and Chitosan Association", Website: www.Chitin.org.
1
[2] Ravi Kumar M.N.V. "Chitin and Chitosan for Versatile Applications", Home page, pp. 1-9 (2001).
2
[3] Mejía-saulés J.E., Waliszewski K.N., Garci M.A., Cruz-Camarillo R, The Use of Crude Shrimp Shell Powder for Chitinase Production by Serratiamarcescens WF., Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44(1), p. 95 (2006).
3
[4] Aye K.N., Stevens W.F., Improved Chitin Production by Pretreatment of Shrimp Shells, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 79, p. 42 (2004).
4
[5] Teng W.L., Khor E., Tan T.K., Lim L.Y., Tan S.C., Concurrent Production of Chitin from Shrimp Shells and Fungi, Carbohydr. Res., 332, p. 305 (2001).
5
[6] Mahmoud N.S., Ghaly A.E., Arab F., Unconventional Approach for Demineralization of Deproteinized Crustacean Shells for Chitinproduction, Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 3(1), p. 1 (2007)
6
[7] Synowiecki J., Al-Khateeb N.A., Production, Properties, and Some New Applications of Chitin Andits Derivatives, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43, p. 145 (2003).
7
[8] Cira L.A., Huerta S., Hall G.M., Shirai K., Pilot Scale Lactic Acid Fermentation of Shrimp Wastes for Chitin Recovery, Process Biochem., 37, p. 1359 (2002).
8
[9] Xu Y., Gallert C., Winter J., Chitin Purification from Shrimp Wastes by Microbial Deproteination and Decalcification, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 79(4), p. 687 (2008).
9
[10] Heu M.S., Kim J.S., Shahidi F., Components and Nutritional Quality of Shrimp Processing Byproducts, Food Chem., 82, p. 235 (2003).
10
[11] Tolaimate A., Desbrieres J., Rhazi M., Alagui A, Contribution to the Preparation of Chitins and Chitosans with Controlled Physico-Chemical Properties, Polym. J., 44, p. 7939 (2003).
11
[12] Mukhrejeee D.P., Method for Producing Chitin or Chitosan, U.S. Patent 6310188, (2001).
12
[13] Muzzarelli R.A.A., Colorimetric Determination of Chitosan, Anal. Biochem., 260(2), p. 255 (2002).
13
[14] Somashekar D., Joseph R., A New Spectrophotometric Method of Assay for Chitosanase Based on Calcofluor White Dye Binding, Carbohydr. Polym., 34, p. 343 (1997).
14
[15] Muzzarrelli R.A.A. "Chitin", University of Ancona, Italy Pergamon Press., pp. 22-26 (1997).
15
[16] Hansen M.E., Illans A., "Applications of Grustacean Wastes in Biotechnology", Chapman and Hall, London, UK., pp. 17-205 (1994).
16
[17] Pichynagkura R., Kudan S., Kuttiyawong K., Sukwattanasinitt M., Aiba S.I., Quantitative Production of 2-Acetamido-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Fromcrystalline Chitin by Bacterial Chitinase, Carbohydr. Res., 337 (6), p. 557 (2002).
17
[18] Kurita K., Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Chitosan, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 59(1), p. 117 (1998).
18
[19] Mei-Hvei C., Hing-Yuen C., U.S. Patent 6255085 (2001).
19
[20] Quintin P., Peniston R., U.S. Patent, 3862122 (1975).
20
[21] Mikalsen G., U.S. Patent, 5210186 ((1993).
21
[22] Britton G.S., Pfonder L.J., Arch. Biochem. Biohys Cartonoids., 1, p. 291 (1995).
22
[23] Tsigos L., Martinou A., Kafetzopoulos D., Bouriotis V., Chitin Deacetylases: New, Versatile Tools in Biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol, 18 (7), p. 305 (2000).
23
[24] Hackman H., Blackwell J., "Chitin and Chitosan and Related Enzymes" Academic Press, New York, p. 257 (1992).
24
[25] Hiroshi M., Watanabe J., Chiba T., European Patent 0531991 (1998).
25
[26] Brugnerotto J., Lizardi J., Goycoolea F.M., Arguelles-Monal W., Desbrieres J., Rinaudo, M., An Infrared Investigation in Relation with Chitin and Chitosan Characterization, Polym. J., 42, p. 3569 (2001).
26
[27] Perry R.H., "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill, pp. 3-64 (1987).
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Enzymatic Deinking of Old Newspaper with Cellulase and Lipase
Biotechnical methods have the potential to offer significant improvements for traditional pulp and paper manufacturing processes due to their specificity and possible environmental advantages. Current deinking processes use large amounts of expensive, potentially environmentally damaging chemical which makes the method expensive and highly environmentally damaging. The use of enzymes could be an attractive alternative to chemicals in deinking. This research was carried out to study the influence of enzymatic deinking on optical properties and mechanical strengths of old newspaper deinked pulps. In order to perform this research, we did pulping operation with cellulase and lipase enzyme, in 4% consistency for 2.5 minutes in neutral PH, in two temperatures of 20 °C and 50 °C. After we made the pulps, we started deinking process by washing on the sieve having 120 meshes. Following this, we did statistical analyses the effect of enzymatic andtemperature treatment on optical properties and mechanical strengths of shandsheets. Results got from measuring optical properties showed that enzymatic deinking of papers leads to brightness promotion and reduces the dirt count and dirt area of handsheets. The highest brightness level and lowest dirt count and dirt area were observed in repaired samples having cellulase in 50 °C. For handsheets made from control pulp the values of folding endurance, TEA, elongation, brightness, dirt count and dirt area were 3, 34.625 J/m2, 1.74 %, 42.46 %, 51 and 1.008 mm2, respectively. On the contrary, for enzyme treated pulps the optimum values of folding endurance, TEA, elongation, brightness, dirt count and dirt area were 4, 51.54 J/m2, 2.03 %, 43.91 %, 15 and 0.245 mm2, respectively. This investigation showed that enzymatic deinking can be a suitable alternative instead of current deinking in paper recycling industries.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7533_d800d438f6458282483c197a4b188692.pdf
2011-04-21
11
20
Enzymatic deinking
Old newspaper
Cellulase
Lipase
Optical Properties
Mechanical Strengths
Nader
Mayeli
nader.mayeli@manchester.ac.uk
1
Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources Engineering, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Talaeipour
2
Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources Engineering, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] مایلی، نادر؛ طلایی پور، محمد؛ جوهرزدایی آنزیمی مخلوط کاغذ باطله اداری در محیط خنثی، نخستین همایش ملی فن آوری های نوین در صنایع چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد چالوس، (1389).
1
[2] Pala H., Mota M., Gama F.M., Factors Influencing MOW Deinking: Laboratory Scale Studies, Enzyme Microb Technol J, 38, p. 81 (2006).
2
[3] Jeffries T., Sykes M., Rutledge-Cropsey K., Klungness J., Abubakr S., Enhanced Removal of Toners from Office Waste Papers by Microbial Cellulases, "Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry", Advanced in Applied and Fundamental Research (1998).
3
[4] Pèlach M., Pastor F., Puig J., Vilaseca F., Mutjè, P., Enzymic Deinking of Old Newspapers with Cellulose, Process Biochem J, 38, p. 1063 (2006).
4
[5] Mørkbak A., Degn P., Zimmermann W., Deinking of Soy Bean Oil Based Ink Printed Paper with Lipases and a Neutral Surfactant, Biotechnol J., 67, p. 229 (1999).
5
[6] Sykes M., Klungness J., Tan F., Abubakr S., Enzymatic Removal of Stickie Contaminants, "TAPPI Pulping Conference Proceedings", p. 687 (1997).
6
[7] Rutledge-Cropsey K., Klungness J., Abubakr S., Performance of Enzymatically Deinked Recovered Paper on Paper Machine Runnability, Tappi J, 81(2), p. 148 (1998).
7
[8] Sykes M., Tan F., "Enzymatic Removal of Stickie Contaminants", TAPPI Pulping Conference Proceedings, p. 687 (1997).
8
[9] Sykes M., Klungness J., Abubakr S., Tan F., Upgrading Recovered Ppaper with Enzyme Pretreatment and Pressurized Peroxide Bleaching, Prog Paper Recycl , p. 39 (1996).
9
[10] Jeffries TW., Sykes M., Rutledge-Cropsey K., Klungness J., Abubakr S., Enhanced Removal of Toners from Office Waste Papers by Microbial Cellulases, "In: Sixth International Conference on Biotech, Pulp and Paper Industry", p. 141 (1995).
10
[11] Pala H., Mota M., Gama F., Enzymatic Versus Chemical Deinking of Non-Impact Ink Printed Paper, Biotechnol J, 108(1), p. 79 (2004).
11
[12] Kim T., Ow S., Eom T., Enzymatic Deinking Method of Wastepaper, "In: TAPPI Pulping Conference Proceedings",p. 1023 (1991).
12
[13] مایلی، نادر؛ تاثیر HLB و دما بر جوهرزدایی آنزیمی کاغذ روزنامه، مجله و باطله اداری، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، (1388).
13
[14] Bajpai P., Application of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper industry, Biotechnol. Prog, 15, p. 147 (1999).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Control and Optimization of Oil Production Using Natural Gas Lift
This paper presents a method for controlling and optimization of an oil production system using natural gas lift concept. The process of natural gas lift consists of commingled production of an oil bearing formation with a gas bearing formation. In this process, gas is entered to oil well in a controlled manner. Ever-increasing development of Smart Well technology and various applications of downhole monitoring and controlling instruments along with new methods of data transmission make it possible the natural gas lift system to be controlled and optimized more effectively and faster than before. With this technology it is possible to monitor the downhole conditions of gas and oil zones and to control the inflow valves in gas and oil zones. In this work, a Proportional Integral Differential (PID) feedback controller has been used to smartly control the entrance of gas from gas zone to oil well. The optimization of this process to determine the optimum setpoint of controller has been done by Differential Evolution method.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7534_de66bcecf45d1de7c2c96b8553e26207.pdf
2011-04-21
21
28
Auto gas lift
Natural gas lift
In-situ gas lift
PID feedback controller
Smart well
Real time optimization
Differential Evolution Algorithm
Amir
Froqnia
1
Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mahmoud Reza
Pishvaie
pishvaie@sharif.edu
2
Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Babak
Amin Shahidy
3
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Betancourt S., Dahlberg K., Hovde Q., Jalali Y., Natural Gas Lift: Theory and Practice, SPE 74391, February (2002).
1
[2] Vasper A., Auto, Natural or Insitu Gas Lift Systems Explained, SPE 104202, December (2006).
2
[3] Leemhuis A., Belfroid S., Alberts G., Gas Coning Control of Smart Wells, SPE 110317, November (2007).
3
[4] GeoQuest (2004a), “Eclipse Reference Manual”, Schlumberger, (2004).
4
[5] پیشوایی، سیدمحمودرضا؛ "روشهای بهینهسازی در مهندسی شیمی"، جزوه درسی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی و نفت، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، (1385).
5
[6] Konopczynski M, Tolan M., Intelligent-Well Technology Used for Oil Reservoir Inflow Control and Auto-Gaslift, Offsfore India, SPE 105706, March (2007).
6
[7] Yeten B., Durlofsky L., Aziz K., Optimization of Nonconventional Well Type Location and Trajectory, SPE 77565, October (2002).
7
[8] Palke R., Horne R., Determining the Value of Reservoir Data by Using Nonlinear Optimization Techniques, SPE 38047, April (1997).
8
[9] Brouwer R., Jansen J., Dynamic Optimization of Water Flooding with Smart Wells Using Optimal Control Theory, SPE 78278, October (2002).
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Solid Hold-Up in a Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed at High Gas Velocities by CFD
Simulation results of bubbling gas-solid fluidized bed using two-fluid model integrating the kinetic theory of granular flow are presented. Results of solid hold-up at different axial locations and radial directions are shown. Simulations are performed at high gas velocities. Particle motion and bubble behavior at two gas velocities of 0.35 and 0.9856 m/s in the bed are predicted and compared with the experimental data. Predicted results show that the gas velocity and ratio of the static bed height to width of the bed are important parameters for prediction of solid particles motions in a bubbling fluidized bed. Current work indicates the sensitivity of the CFD results to the drag model. Arastoopour’s drag model is the best choice for this study.At high gas velocity of 2.1824 m/s the standard k-e turbulent model and laminar models are compared. In general, the model predictions are in a good agreement with the experimental data. Current model reduces simulation’s errors compared with previous works. The minimum error is 8 % and the maximum error is 13.7 % in lower and upper part of the bed in radial direction, respectively.In addition, the error in axial direction is 4.5 %. The gas velocity values has a significant effect in solid particles motions.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7535_557981a8106a9b1f1d3c68dfc685a2c4.pdf
2011-04-21
29
41
Solid hold-up
CFD
Fluidized bed
Two-fluid model
Seyed Hossein
Hosseini
seyyednezam@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Ilam, Ilam, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Morteza
Zivdar
mortaza@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rahbar
Rahimi
rahimi1@yahoo.com
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] van Wachem B.G.M., Schouten J.C., Krishna R., van den Bleek C.M., Sinclair J.L., Comparative Analysis of CFD Models of Dense Gas-Solid Systems, AIChE J., 47, p. 1035 (2001).
1
[2] Patil D.J., van Sint Annaland M., Kuipers J.A.M., Critical Comparison of Hydrodynamics Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds-Part I: Bubbling Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds Operated with a Jet, Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 57 (2005).
2
[3] Patil D.J., van Sint Annaland M., Kuipers J.A.M., Critical Comparison of Hydrodynamic Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds-Part II: Freely Bubbling Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 73 (2005).
3
[4] Passalacqua A., Marmo L., A Critical Comparison of Frictional Stress Models Applied to the Simulation of Bubbling Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, p. 2795 (2009).
4
[5] Hosseini S.H., Ahmadi G., Zivdar M., Rahimi R., Esfahany M.N., CFD Studies of Solids Hold-Up Distribution and Circulation Patterns in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds, Powder Technol., 200, p. 202 (2010).
5
[6] Taghipour F., Ellis N., Wong C., Experimental and Computational Study of Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed Hydrodynamics, Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 6857 (2005).
6
[7] Hosseini S.H., Zhong W., Esfahany M.N., Pourjafar L., Azizi S., CFD Simulation of the Bubbling and Slugging Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds, J. Fluids Eng. (ASME), 132, p. 41301 (2010).
7
[8] Hosseini S.H., Rahimi R., Zivdar M., Samimi A., CFD Simulation of Gas-Solid Bubbling Fluidized Bed Containing the FCC Particles, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 26, p. 1405 (2009).
8
[9] Hosseini S.H., Zivdar M., Rahimi R., CFD Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in a Spouted Bed with a Non-Porous Draft Tube, Chem. Eng. Process., 48,p. 1539 (2009).
9
[10] Wang H., Yang W., Dyakowski T., Liu S., Study of Bubbling and Slugging Fluidized Beds by Simulation and ECT, AIChE J., 52 (9), p.3078 (2006).
10
[11] Zhu H., Zhu J., Li G., Li F., Detailed Measurements of Flow Structure Inside a Dense Gas-Solids Fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 180, p. 339 (2008).
11
[12] Ahuja G.N., Patwardhan A.W., CFD and Experimental Studies of Solids Hold-Up Distribution and Circulation Patterns in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. J., 143, p.147 (2008).
12
[13] Cammarata L., Lettieri P., Micale G.D.M., Colman D., 2D and 3D CFD Simulations of Bubbling Fluidized Beds Using Eulerian-Eulerian Models, Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng., 1 (2003).
13
[14] Xie N., Battaglia F., Pannala S., Effects of Using Two-Versus Three-Dimensional Computational Modeling of Fluidized Beds Part I, hydrodynamics, Powder Technol., 182, p. 1 (2008).
14
[15] Ranade V.V., “Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering”, First Edition, Academic Press, (2002).
15
[16] Syamlal M., O’Brien T.J., AIChE Symp Ser., 85, p.22 (1989).
16
[17] Syamlal M., Rogers W., O’Brien T.J., "Mfix Documentation: Volume I, Theory Guide", Technical Report DOE/METC-9411004, NTIS/DE9400087, (1993).
17
[18] Schaeffer D.G., Instability in the Evolution Equations Describing Incompressible Granular Fow, J. Diff. Eq., 66, p. 19 (1987).
18
[19] Lun C.K.K., Savage S.B., Jeffrey D.J., Chepurniy N., Kinetic Theories for Granular Flow: Inelastic Particles in Couette Flow and Slightly Inelastic Particles in a General Flow Field, J. Fluid Mech., 140, p. 223 (1984).
19
[20] Arastoopour H., Pakdel P., Adewumi M., Hydrodynamic Analysis of Dilute Gas-Solids Flow in a Vertical Pipe, Powder Technol., 62, p. 163 (1990).
20
[21] Huilin L., Yurong H., Wentie L., Jianmin D., Gidaspow D., Bouillard J., Computer Simulations of Gas-Solid Flow in Spouted Beds Using Kinetic-Frictional Stress Model of Granular Flow, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59 (4), p. 865 (2004).
21
[22] Du W., Bao X.J., Xu J., Wei W.S., Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Spouted Bed: Influence of Frictional Stress, Maximum Packing Limit and Restitution Coefficient of Particles, Chem. Eng. Sci., 61 (14), p. 4558 (2006).
22
[23] HulmeI., “Verification of the Hydrodynamics of a Polyethylene Fluidized Bed Reactor Using CFD and Imaging Experiments”, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary (2003).
23
[24] McKeen T., Pugsley T., Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Freely Bubbling Bed of FCC Catalyst, Powder Technol., 129, p. 139 (2003).
24
[25] Zhang K., Zhang H., Lovick J., Zhang J., Zhang B., Numerical Computation and Experimental Verification of the Jet Region in a Fluidized Bed, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, p. 3696 (2002).
25
[26] Clift R., Grace J.R. (Eds.), “Continuous Bubbling and Slugging”, Academic Press, London, (1985).
26
[27] Lin J.S., Chen M.M., Chao B.T., A Novel Radioactive Particle Tracking Facility for Measurements of Solids Motion in Gas Fluidized Beds, AIChE J., 31, p. 465 (1985).
27
[28] Laverman J.A., RoghairI., van Sint Annaland M., Investigation into the Hydrodynamics of Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds Using Particle Image Velocimetry Coupled with Digital Image Analysis, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 86, p. 523 (2008).
28
[29] Ding J., Gidaspow D., A Bubbling Fluidization Model Using Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow, AIChE J., 36, p. 523 (1990).
29
[30] Syamlal M., O’Brien T.J., Fluid Dynamic Simulation of O3 Decomposition in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed, AIChE J., 49, p. 2793 (2003).
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CFD Simulation of Pre-Polymer Pneumatic Conveying and Calculation of their Saltation Velocity
In the present study saltation velocity of particles during pneumatic conveying was calculated by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). The Lagrangian approach was used for particle motion. The optimum condition in pneumatic conveying is achieved by minimum energy loss. The gas and particle motion equations were solved using a finite volume discretisation and Runge-Kutta schemes respectively. The results of CFD simulations and experimental correlation for uniform particles are in good agreement (average error 17.6%). In order to study the effect of Particle Size Distribution (PSD) on saltation velocity the real PSD of injected pre- polymer into gas phase polymerization reactor was used.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7536_7b2ec27ec2a688c7ee41554fbebbcef8.pdf
2011-04-21
43
52
Pneumatic conveying
CFD
Euler/Lagrange approach
Gas solid flow
Saltation velocity
Amin
Hasanvand
1
Computational Fluid Dynamics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran,I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sayed Hasan
Hashemabadi
hashemabadi@iust.ac.ir
2
Computational Fluid Dynamics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran,I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Ullman, “Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry”, 33, p. 482 (1996).
1
[2] Liang S.F., Chao Z., “Principle of Gas- Solid Flow”, CambridgeUniversity Press, (1998).
2
[3] Fokeer S., Kingman S., Lowndes I., Reynolds A., Characterization of the Cross Sectional Particle Concentration Distribution in Horizontal Dilute Flow Conveying a Review, Chem. Eng. Process., 43, p.677 (2004).
3
[4] Ranade, V., “Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering”, Academic Press (2002).
4
[5] Huber N., Summerfield M., Modeling and Numerical Calculation of Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying in Pipe Systems, Powder Technol., 99, p. 90 (1998).
5
[6] Bilirgen H., Levy E., Mixing and Dispersion of Ropes in Lean Phase Pneumatic Conveying, Powder Technol., 119, p. 37 (2001).
6
[7] Bilirgen H., Levy E., Prediction of Pneumatic Conveying Flow Phenomena Using Commercial CFD Software, Powder Technol., 95, p. 37(1998).
7
[8] Tsuji Y., Morikawa Y., Tanaka T., Nakatsukasa N., Nakatani M., Numerical Simulation of Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flow in a Two-Dimensional Horizontal Channel, Int. J. Multiphas Flow, 13, p. 671, ) 1987(.
8
[9] Sommerfeld M., Modelling of Particle/Wall Collisions in Confined Gas-Particle Flows, Int. J. Multiphas Flow, 18, p. 905 (1992).
9
[10] Vesilind A., The Rosin-Rammler Particle Size Distribution, Resource Recovery and Conservation, 3, p. 275,(1980).
10
[11] Launder B.E., Spalding D.B., The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flow, Comp. Meth. App. Eng., 3, p. 269 (1974).
11
[12] Sommerfeld M., Analysis of Collision Effect for Turbulent Gas Particle Flow in Horizontal Channel: Part Ι. Particle Transport, Int. J. Multiphas Flow, 29, p. 675(2003).
12
[13] Patankar S.V., “Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow”, McGraw-Hill, (1980).
13
[14] Gerald C.F., “Applied Numerical Analysis”, Addison Wesley Longman, (1999)
14
[15] Tashiro H., Peng Y., Tomita Y., Numerical Prediction of Saltation Velocity for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipe, Powder Technol., 91, p. 141 (1997).
15
[16] Bird R.B., Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot, “Transport Phenomena”, John Wiley& Sons, (2002).
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of the Effect of the Application of Heat Transfer Turbulators on Heat Transfer Coefficient in Two-Phase Air-Water Flow, in Bubbly Pattern
In recent years, heat transfer enhancement technology has been widely applied to heat exchangers to be used in many industrial processes. By applying this technology, the need to increase the number of heat exchangers to receive higher heat rates can be ablated that economically is of great interest. In the present work, the application of three turbulators: Wire coil insert, low density matrix insert and high density matrix insert in two-phase air-water flow was investigated. The results show that these turbulators have increased the heat transfer coefficient by 26.48, 37.52 and 59.12 percentage, respectively. By comparison, there has been seen a 13.89 percentage of deviation between the experimental and choosed reference data. Moreover, from the experimental data for that abovementationed system of Insert-applied two-phase air-water flow, separately, certain new correlations were attained and evaluated.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7537_64f7a9d0aa2b4ce4850710393f76b36b.pdf
2011-04-21
53
62
Two-phase flow
Heat transfer turbulators
Heat transfer coefficient
Turbulency
Hasan
Pahlavanzadeh
pahlavzh@modares.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hasan
Roshanzamir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sayed Hossein
Mozaffari
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Ghajar A., "Non-Boiling Heat Transfer in Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipes", A Tutorial, Presented at ENCIT 2004 - 10th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering, Nov. 29 -- Dec. 03, (2004).
1
[2] Kim D., Ghajar A.J., Heat Transfer Measurements and Correlations for Air-Water Flow of Different Flow Patterns in a Horizontal Pipe, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 25 (8), p. 659 (2002).
2
[3] Kreith F., Boehm R.F. et. al., "Heat and Mass Transfer, Mechanical Engineering Handbook", Ed. Frank Kreith, Boca Raton,: CRC Press LLC,(1999).
3
[4] Bergles E., "Techniques to Enhance Heat Transfer, Handbook of Heat Transfer", Rohsenow W.M., Hartnett J.P.,Cho Y.I., eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 11.1-11.76 , (1998).
4
[5] Mac Cabe W.L., Smith P.Harriot J.C .,"Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering", 6th ed, Mc Graw Hill, (2001).
5
[6] Jafari Nasr M.R., Polley G.T.; Should You Use Enhanced Tubes? , w3.cepmagazine.org , CEP, Apr. (2002).
6
[7] Wang L., Bengt S., Performance Comparison of Some Tube Inserts, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 29(I), pp. 45-56, (2002).
7
[8] John M Ritchie, Transfer Phenomena in Tubes Fitted with Wire Inserts,
8
http://www eng.bham.ac. uk/chemical /pg/engd.index.htm
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of the Methane Hydrate Stability Under Various State of Temperature and Pressure
Since The stability of methane hydrate is vital for storage and transport of natural gas, the effects of temperature and initial gas content on the dissociation rate of methane hydrate have been investigates. In order to formation of hydrate with various initial gas contents, the formation experiments have been accomplished in different condition. After formation of hydrate, the dissociation experiments have been performed at atmospheric pressure, different temperatures (ranging from 270.2 K to 262.2 K) and various initial gas in hydrate (n0=0.03 & n0=0.06). In constant temperature, the results show that the dissociation rate and instability of hydrate decreases, because an ice layer covers the hydrate surface. This phenomenon is called self-preservation effect of gas hydrate. Also the dissociation rate decreases with reduction of temperature. Increase in the initial gas content in hydrate, results in the increment of the dissociation percentage of hydrate, since the quantity of ice has been reduced in the system. A model has been developed for prediction of methane hydrate dissociation percent by correlating the experimental data received from the related experiments.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7538_934b6f083ee7d9f09d9b4a9db5aaccc3.pdf
2011-04-21
63
70
Methane hydrate
stability
Decomposition
Modeling
Seyed Mahmoud
Mousavi Safavi
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Manteghian
manteghi@modares.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Vafaie Sefty
vafaiesm@modares.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Grauls D., Gas hydrates: Importance and Applications in Petroleum Exploration, Marin and Petroleum Geology, 18, p. 519 (2001).
1
[2] Sloan E.D, Clathrate Hydrate Measurements: Microscopic, Mesoscopic, and Macroscopic, J. Chem Thermo, 35, p. 41 (2003).
2
[3] Sloan E.D, "Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases", 2nd ed., Mrcel Dekker NewYork, (1998).
3
[4] Clarke M., Bishnoi P., Measuring and Modeling the Rate of Decomposition of Gas Hydrates Formed from Mixtures of Methane and Ethane, Chem Eng Sci, 56, p. 4715 (2001).
4
[5] Masaki O. et al, Methane Recovery from Methane Hhydrate Using Pressurized CO2, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 228, p. 553 (2005).
5
[6] Ahmadi G., Ji C., Smith H., Numerical Solution for Natural Gas Production from Methane Hydrate Dissociation, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 41(4), p. 269 (2004).
6
[7] Giavarini C. Maccioni F, Self-Preservation at Low Pressure of Methane Hydrates with Various Gas Contents, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, p. 6616 (2004).
7
[8] Giavarini C. Maccioni F, Politi M., Sntarelli M.L., CO2 Hydrate: Formation and Dissociation Compared to Methane Hydrate, Energy & Fuels, 21, p. 3284 (2007).
8
[9] Shirota H., Aya I., Namie S., Varam B., Turner D., Sloan E.D., "Measurement of Methane Hydrate Dissociation for Application to Natural Gas Storage and Transportation", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yokohama, Japan, (2002).
9
[10] Ji C., Ahmadi G., Smith H., Natural Gas Production from Hydrate Decomposition by Depressurization, Chem Eng Sci, 56(20), p. 5801(2001).
10
[11] Tarek A., "Hydrocarbon Phase Behaviore", First Edition,(1946).
11
[12] Kim H.C., Bishnoi P.R., Heideman R.A., Rizvi S.S.H., Kinetics of Methane Hydrate Decomposition, Chem Eng Sci, 42, p. 1645 (1987).
12
[13] Clarke M., Bishnoi P., Determination of the Intrinsic Rate of Ethane Gas Hydrate Decomposition, Chem Eng Sci, 55, p. 4869 (2000).
13
[14] Goel N., Wiggins M., Shah S., Analytical Modeling of Gas Recovery from in Situ Hydrates Dissociation, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 29, p. 115 (2001).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removal of Lead from Battery Manufacture Industry Wastewater by Magnetite Iron Nano Particles
Lead is one of heavy metals.This toxic metal has more application in several industry for example, battery manufacture ,tetraethyl lead manufacture , armament, paint manufacture. This wastewaters are more toxic and they vacate are more hazardous for environment ,in this paper benefical of magnetite iron nano particles pollution of lead decreased up to standard (0.5ppm)andby alteration of chemical and phisycal parameters determined foremost term for adsorption of lead namely, PH, concentration of magnetite iron nano particles, temperature and designed freundlich and langmuir diagrams . at the end showed diagram industrial application .result of this research detect high removal percent of lead(70%) in the PH =5.5-6.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7539_97ff185c34b387c028835bb307b192f1.pdf
2011-04-21
71
77
Removal of lead
Battery manufacture industry
Magnetite iron nano particles
Wastewater treatment
environment
Reza
Alizadeh
alizadeh_environment@yahoo.com
1
Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soudeh
Abedini
2
School of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Nabi Bidhendi,
3
School of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ghasem
Amoabediny
amoabediny@ut.ac.ir
4
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] li Q., Zhai J., Zhang W., Wang M., Zhou J., Kinetic Studies of Adsorption of Pb(II),Cr(II)and Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution by Sawdust and Modified Peanut Husk, J. Hazard. Mater, B141, p. 736 (2007).
1
[2] Ricou P., Lécuyer I., Le Cloirec P., Removal of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ by Adsorption Onto Fly Ash and Fly Ash/Lime Mixing, Water Science and Technology, 39, p. 10 (1999).
2
[3] Hoa T., Liamleam W., Annachhatre A.P., Lead Removal Through Biological Sulfate Reduction Process, BioresourceTechnology, 98, p. 2538 (2007).
3
[4] Raungsomboon S., Chidthaisong A., Bunnag B., Inthorn D., Harvey N.W., Removal of Lead (Pb2+) by the Cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp., Bioresource Technology, 99, p. 5650 (2008).
4
[5] Hammaini A., González F., Ballester A., Blázquez M.L., Muñoz J.A., Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Activated Sludge and Their Desorption Characteristics, Journal of Environmental Management, 258, p. 419 ( 2007).
5
[6] ادیبی، مسیح ا...؛ اخلاقپور، شهرام؛ فخرایی، حسین؛ تصفیه فلز سرب توسط سیستم لجن فعال، چهارمین کنگره ملی مهندسی شیمی ایران، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران(1377).
6
[7] WHO Lead in Wastewater, "Background Document for Development of WHO, Guidelines for Waste-Water Quality", Geneva, World Health Organization, (WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/55), (2005).
7
[8] Bruce I.J., Taylor J., Todd M., Daviesb M.J., Borioni E., Sangregorio C., Sen T., Synthesis Characterisation and Application of Silica-Magnetite Nanocomposites, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 68, p. 145 (2004).
8
[9] Reynolds T.D., Richards P.A., "Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering", Second Edition, PWS Pub. Co., (1929).
9
[10] Hu J., Chen G., Lo I.C., Removal and Recovery of Cr (VI) from Wastewater by Maghemite Nanoparticles, Water Research, 74, p. 4528 (2005).
10
[11] Mayoa J.T., Yavuz C., The Effect of Nanocrystalline Magnetite Size on Arsenic Removal, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 88, p. 71 (2007).
11
[12] Miessler G.L., Tarr D.A., "Inorganic Chemistry", Second Edition, Pearson Education, (2002).
12
[13] Sarı A., Tuzen M., Cıtak D., Soylak M., Adsorption Characteristics of Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto Expanded Perlite from Aqueous Solution, Journal of Hazardous Material, 148(1-2), p. 387 (2007).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removing of Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) Gas from N2 and HF Mixture with NaF Pellets
This report describes adsorption of hydrogen fluoride gas in a tower containing sodium fluoride pellets by using gas mixture of hydrogen fluoride and nitrogen. At the initial time of the adsorption all of the entering hydrogen fluoride was adsorbed by the tower. Adsorption of hydrogen fluoride gas on pellets is reversible. The pellets in hot conditions were regenerated without sufficient physical deterioration. Maximum loading of adsorbent is 5.96% by weight of sodium fluoride pellets. Due to low rate of adsorption kinetic, breakthrough curve is wide.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7540_954c3b08dfebd7deea6d42b1a4b41033.pdf
2011-04-21
79
84
Fluorine
Hydrogen fluoride
Sodium fluoride
Packed tower
Hossein
Tavakoli
hoseintavakoli@yahoo.com
1
Nuclear Reactors Fuel Company, P.O. Box 81465-1957 Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Manouchehr
Asghari
2
Urima Cement Company, P.O. Box 57135-813 Urrmia, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Jaccaud M., Faron R., Devilliers D., Romano R., “Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry”, 6th ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA, 14, pp. 379-392 (2003).
1
[2] Jaccaud M., Faron R., Romano R., “Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA, A11, pp. 293-392 (1991).
2
[3] Groult H., Electrochemistry of Fluorine Production, J. Fluorine Chem., 119, p. 173 (2003).
3
[4] Groult H., Durand-Vidal S., Devilliers D., Lantelme F., Kinetics of Fluorine Evolution Reaction on Carbon Anodes: Influence of the Surface C---F Films, J. Fluorine Chem., 107, p. 247 (2001).
4
[5] Groult H., Devilliers D., Durand-Vidal S., Nicolas F., Combel M., Electronic Properties of Passivating Compounds: Application to the Fluorine Evolution Reaction, J. Electrochimica Acta, 44, p. 2793 (1999).
5
[6] Froning J.F., Richards M.K., Stricklin T.W., Turnbull, S.G., Purification and Compression of Fluorine, J. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 39(3), p. 275 (1947).
6
[7] Shia G., “Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology”, 5th ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA, 11, pp. 826-852 (2004).
7
[8] Huber A.P., Dykstra J., Thompson B.H., “Multi Production of Fluorine for Manufacture of Uranium Hexafluoride”, Proceeding of the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Session E-11, pp.172-181 (1956).
8
[9] Lantelme F., Groult H., Belhomme C., Morel B., Nicolas F., Interfacial Tension and Fluorine Evolution on a Carbon Anode, J. Fluorine Chem., 127, p. 704 (2006).
9
[10] Dykstra J., Thompson B.H., Paris W.C., A 25 Pound Per Hour Fluorine Plan, J. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 50(2), p. 1801 (1958).
10
[11] Fischer J., The Dissociation Pressure of Sodium Bifluoride, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79(24), p. 6363 (1957).
11
[12] Higgins T.L., Westrum E.F., Thermochemical Study of the Sodium and Ammonium Hydrogen Fluorides in Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride, J. Phys. Chem., 65(5), p. 830 (1961).
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Investigation of Crystallization of Paraffinic Components in a Cold Flow Pipe
Transportation of a waxy oil from a cold environment leads to a decrease in the solubility of paraffinic component and formation of a deposit on the pipe wall. The observation of the deposit structure helps to study hardening process. The study shows that deposit structure is changed from plate shape to mal-crystals and spherulites during its growth. Based on the result, the diffusivity of wax deposit participated in hardening process was modified.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7541_6e2dcf7492fc0356b45aad53980e81f1.pdf
2011-04-21
85
89
Crystallization
structure
Paraffin
Wax
Hardening
Shahram
Masoudi
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Vafaei Softi
vafaiesm@modares.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Jafari
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Hernandez O.C., Hensley H, Sarica C. Improvements in Single-Phase Paraffin Deposition Modeling, SPE Journal, 25, p. 237 (2004).
1
[2] Lund H.J., Thesis M.S, The University of Tulsa, Investigation of Paraffin Deposition During Single Phase Flow, (1998).
2
[3] Singh P., Venkatesan R., Fogler H.S., Morphological Evolution of Thick Wax Deposits during Aging, AICHE Journal, 47, p. 6 (2001).
3
[4] Paso K.G., Fogler H.S., Influence of n-Paraffin Composition on the Aging of Wax-Oil Gel Deposits, AIChE Journal, 49, p. 3241 (2003).
4
[5] Venkatesan R., Nagarajan N.R., Paso. K., Yi. Y.B., Sastry A.M., Fogler H.S., The Strength of Paraffin Gels Formed under Static and Flow Conditions, Chemical Engineering Science, 60, p. 3587 (2005).
5
[6] Lee H., Venkatesan R., Fogler HS. Development of a Wax Deposition Model Based on Combined Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis under Turbulent Conditions, "The 8th International Conference on Petroleum Phase Behavior and Fouling", (2007).
6
[7] Holder G.A., Winkler J, Wax Crystalization from Distillate Fuels: Cloud and Pour Phenomena Exhibited by Solutions of Binary n-Paraffin Mixtures, Industrial Petroleum, 51, p. 228 (1965).
7
[8] Ferris S.W., Cowles H.C., Crystal Behavior Of Paraffin Wax, Industrial And Engineering Chemistry, 37, p. 1054 (1964).
8
[9] Chang Ch, Boger D V, Nguyen Q D. Influence of Thermal History on the Waxy Structure of Statically Cooled Waxy Crude Oil, SPE Journal, 5, p. 148 (2000).
9
[10] Chichakli M.Crystal Morphology in Hydrocarbon Systems, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 59, p. 86 (1967).
10
[11] Kane M, Djabourova M, Volle J., Morphology of Paraffin Crystals in Waxy Crude Oils Cooled in Quiescent Conditions and under Flow, Fuel, 82, p. 127 (2003).
11
[12] Lu X., Langton M., Olofsson P., Wax Morphology In Bitumen, Journal Of Materials Science, 40, p. 1893 (2005).
12
[13] Edwards R.T., Crystal Habit of Paraffin Wax, Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 49, p. 750 (1957).
13
[14] Imai T., Nakamura K., Shibata M., Relationship between the Hardness of an Oil-Wax Gel and the Surface Structure of the Wax Crystals, Colloids Surface, A 19, p. 233 (2001).
14
[15] Clarke E., Crystal Types of Pure Hydrocarbons in the Paraffin Wax Range, Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 43, p. 2526 (1951).
15
[16] Hansen A.B., Larson E., Pedersen W.B., Nielsen A.B., Ronningsen H.P., Wax Precipitation from North Sea Crude Oils. 3. Precipitation and Dissolution of Wax Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Energy & Fuels, 5, p. 914 (1991).
16
[17] Le´toffe´ JM., C.P., Garcin M., Volle JL, Crude Oils: Characterization of Waxes Precipitated on Cooling by D.S.C. and Thermo-microscopy, Fuel, 74, p. 810 (1995).
17
[18] Srivastava S.P., Handoo J., Agrawal K.M., Joshi G.C., Phase-Transition Studies in n-Alkanes and Petroleum Related Waxes: A Review, Phys. Chem. Solids, 54, p. 639 (1993).
18
[19] Katz,J., The Crystalization of Paraffin Wax Part 2, Industrial Petroleum Technology, 18, p. 37 (1932).
19
[20] Marek Zbik, Roger G. Horna, Neil Shaw, AFM Study of Paraffin Wax Surfaces Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemcal Engineering Aspects, 287, p. 139 (2006).
20
[21] Plomp M., Enckevort W.J.P. van, Hoof, P.J.C.M. van, Streek C.J. van de Morphology of and Dislocation Movement in n-C40H82 Paraffin Crystals Grown from Solution Crystals, Journal of Crystal Growth, 249, p. 600 (2003).
21
[22] Bhat N.V., Mehrotra AK.Measurement and Prediction of the Phase Behavior of Wax-Solvent Mixtures: Significance of the Wax Disappearance Temperature, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, p. 3451 (2004).
22
[23] Lopes-da-Silva J.A., Coutinho A.P., Analysis of the Isothermal Structure Development in Waxy Crude Oils under Quiescent Conditions, Energy & Fuels, 21, p. 3612 (2007).
23
[24] Falla W.R., Mulski M., Cussler E.L., Estimating Diffusion Through Flake-Filled Membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 119, p. 129 (1996).
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Poly Phosphate Salts and Nacconol on Tricalcium Phosphate Particle Size in Its Precipitation Process
TriCalcium Phosphate (TCP) is used as suspension stabilizer in styrene polymerization process. Particle size of TCP plays an essential role in the particle size, distribution and geometric form of polystyrene product. As the particle size of TCP is reduced, there will be much better chance to surround the styrene particle. The higher the number of TCP particles surrounding each styrene particle, the lesser will be their tendency to form a large particle after collision. Therefore the percentage of spherical polystyrene with small particle size and narrow distribution in the product are increased. In this study addition of polyphosphate salts and nacconol to the reaction mixture of TCP precipitation process and their effect on the particle size of TCP are investigated. The result show that addition of sodium hexa metaphosphate to the reaction mixture decreases the crystal growth rate and prevents precipitates to agglomerate. So the mean particles size of TCP is reduced from 5µm (without SHMP) to 1.5 µm (with SHMP).
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7542_508ff13f1f45f5bbb6b850e4161ad436.pdf
2011-04-21
91
98
Suspension polymerization stabilizer
Tri calcium phosphate
Hydroxyapatite
Polystyrene
Beads particle size
Kobra
Rahbar Shamskar
rahbark@ripi.ir
1
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-1998 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Teyebeh
Biabani
2
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-1998 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mahbobeh
Saeidi
3
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-1998 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Alaei
4
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-1998 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Shaghaghi S., Mahdavian A. R., The Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate on Particle Size in Suspension Polymerization of Styrene: A New Investigation, J. Polym. Plast.Technol. Eng., 45, p.109 (2009).
1
[2] Zerfa M., Brooks B.W., Vinyl Chloride Dispersion with Relation to Suspension Polymerization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51, p. 3591 (1996).
2
[3] Bilgic T., Karali M., Savasci O. T., Effect of the Particle Size of the Solid Protective Agent Tricalcium Phosphate and Its in-Situ Formation on the Particle Size of Suspension Polystyrene, Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 213, p. 33 (1993).
3
[4] Moss H.V., "Granular Product Conditioner and Products Made Therewith",US Pat. 2030461 (1933).
4
[5] Hohenstein W.P., Gardens K., Haward R.N., Elly J., "Suspension Polymerization of Unsaturated Organic Compounds", US Pat. 2652392 (1953).
5
[6] Vanstrom E.R., Ferry D., Mc-Collough F., "Polymer Suspension Stabilizer", US Pat. 3387925 (1968).
6
[7] Conn J.F., Jessen L.A., "Process for Producing Hydroxyapatite", US Pat. 4324772 (1982).
7
[8] Palmer J. W., Rosenstiel T.L., "Process of Preparing Hydroxylapatite", US Pat. 4849193 (1989).
8
[9] Ackilli J. A., Saleeb F. Z., "Preparation of Tricalcium Phosphate", US Pat. 4891198 (1990).
9
[10] Maurer A., Raab Gud., Raab Gue., Schmitt R., Schober D., Taenzler R., "Process for the Preparation of Hydroxyapatite", US Pat. 5405436 (1995).
10
[11] Rodriguez -Lorenzo L. M., Vallet-Regi M., Controlled Crystallization of Calcium Phosphate Apatites, Chem. Mater., 12, p. 2460 (2000).
11
[12] Keppler H.G., "Preparation of Styrene Suspension Polymer", US Pat. 4433108 (1984).
12
[13] Murray J.G., "Suspension Stabilizer for P-Methylstyrene Suspension Polymerization", US Pat. 4237255 (1980).
13
[14] Sohnel O., Garside J., "Precipitation", 1st Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford, p. 75 (1992).
14
[15] Li C., Crystalline Behaviors of Hydroxyapatite in the Neutralized Reaction with Different Citrate Addition, Powder Technol., 192, p.1 (2009).
15
[16] Sarda S., Heughebaert M., Lebugle A., Influence of the Type of Surfactant on the Formation of Calcium Phosphate in Organized Molecular Systems, Chem. Mater., 11, p. 2722 (1999).
16
[17] Lim G. K., Wang J., Ng S. C., Gan L. M., Formation of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite in Nonionic Surfactant Emulsions, Langmuir, 15, p. 7472 (1999).
17
[18] Murata M., Takahashi T., Kato Y., "Suspension Polymerization Process Using Suspending Agent-Containing", US Pat. 6155505 (2000).
18
[19] Itoi M., Kuwayama M., Tabei S., "Method for Manufacturing Hydroxyapatite Slurry", US Pat. 6159437 (2000).
19
[20] Jeffery, G. H., Basset, J., MendTCPm, J., Denny, R. C.,”VOGEL's Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis “; 5th Ed., John Wiley New York, p. 304 (1989).
20
[21] Wang Y., Zhang S., Wei K., Zhao N., Chen J., Wang X., Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanopowders Using Cationic Surfactant as a Template, Mater. Lett., 60, p. 1484 (2006).
21
[22] Xiao F., Ye J., Wang Y., Rao P., Deagglomeration of HA During the Precipitation Synthesis, J. Mater. Sci., 40, p. 5439 (2005).
22
[23] Cengiz B., Gokce Y, Yildiz N., Aktas Z., Calimli A., Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles, Colloids Surface, A 322, p. 29 (2008).
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Demethylation of Methoxy- M- Terphenyls
In this research work, The methoxy- m-Terphenyls are demethylated with boron tribromide solution in dichloromethane.The methoxy - m -Terphenyls required , are prepared from the reaction of methoxy- aryl- grignards with 2, 6- dichloroiodobenzene in refluxing THF. The hydroxy- m- Terphenyls can be used for the preparing polyesters , polyethers , cyclophanes , benzoquinones and other derivatives of Terphenyls.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_7543_1943fcc686383166ac78ad048eddc8d9.pdf
2011-04-21
99
105
: m- Terphenyls
demethylation
Aryl-Grignard
Boron tribromide solution
Mahin
Ahmadianarog
ahmadianarog@gmail.com
1
Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] D.Doi J., Compito-Maglizzo C., Lavallee D.K., Dealkylation of N-methyl-5,10,15,20- Tetraphenylporphine by Palladium(II) in Acetonitrile, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Dimethylformamide, Inorg. Chem., 23(1), p.79 (1984).
1
[2] Robert A., Stockland Jr., Diane L., Maher, Gordon K., Anderson, Nigam P., Demethylation of Trimethylphosphite Promoted by Dichlorodiphosphineplatinum and Palladium Complexes, Polyhedron, 18, p. 1067 (1999).
2
[3] Kasahara H., Miyazawa M., Kameoka H., O-demethylation of 7,7'-Epoxylignans by Aspergillus Niger, Phytochemistry , 43(1), p. 111 (1996).
3
[4] Shashi P. Singh, David E. Moody, A Radiometric TLC Assay of Liver Microsomal Dextromethorphan O-Demethylation, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 13, p. 1027 (1995).
4
[5] Tirthankar G., Harold H., Synthesis of Triarylbenzenes via Tandem Aryne Reactions of Aryl Grignards with Polyhalobenzenes, J. Org. Chem., 53, p. 3555 (1988).
5
[6] Harold H., Katsumasa H., Chi-Jen F., Synthetically Useful Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation via Grignard Generation and Trapping of Arynes. A One-Step Synthesis of p-Terphenyl and Unsymmetric Biaryls, J. Org. Chem., 50, p. 3104 (1985).
6
[7] Perumal R., Muthialu S., Meta-Terphenyls as Buiding Blocks for Benzimidazolophanes, Tetrahedron Letters , 38(30) , p. 5323 (1997).
7
[8] Arunachalam K., Perumal R., Kabaleeswaran V., Rajan S.S., Synthesis of Cyclophanes with Intra-Annular Functionality and Cage Structure, J. Org. Chem., 61, p. 5090 (1996).
8
[9] Perumal R., Arunachalam K., Synthesis of Functionalised Cyclophanes with Cage Structure via an Unusual Termolecular Collision, Tetrahedron Letters, 34(51), p. 8317 (1993).
9
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