ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via Four Kinds of Plants Extract and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of these Nanoparticles
The present study was based on an economical, eco-friendly, and efficient method for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in plant extract. This synthesis shows attractive characteristics such as; the use of inexpensive and available plant extracts, non-toxicity, eco-friendly biological materials, and operational simplicity. The extracts incubated with AgNO3 solution showed gradual change in color of the extracts to yellowish brown, with intensity increasing during the period of incubation. Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles was made by UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles synthesized were generally found to be spherical in shape with variable size ranging from 5 to 30 nm, as evident by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed good antibacterial activity against clinical strains of two bacteria (E. coli, and S. aureus).
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13351_85bfd55e29e82c95b8054bed0dd54097.pdf
2014-12-01
1
9
Silver nanoparticles
Plant extract
Green synthesis
Nobel metal nanoparticles
Antimicrobial activity
Tara
Moadi
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ramin
Ghahremanzadeh
r.ghahremanzadeh@avicenna.ac.ir
2
Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute-ACECR, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Yosefi
3
Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute-ACECR, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Fereshteh
Mohammadi
4
Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute-ACECR, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] McNeil S. E., Leukoc J., Nanotechnology for the Biologist, J Leukoc Biol., 78: 585-594 (2005).
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[2] Wang S., Chen T., Chen R., Hu Y., Chen M., Wang, Y., Emodin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Antitumor Activity Studies, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 430: 238-246 (2012)
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[3] Yamasaki S., Yamada T., Kobayashi H., Kitagawa H., Preparation of Sub-10 nm AgI Nanoparticles and a Study on their Phase Transition Temperature, Chemistry-An Asian Journal, 8: 73-75 (2013).
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[4] ذاکری م.، فصیحی ج.، تولید نانوذرات طلا با استفاده از توده زیستی گندم و ببرسی پارامترهای موثر، نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، (2)30، 35 تا 41 (1390).
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[5] Hu, J., Cai W., Li Y., Zeng, H., Oxygen-Induced Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles for Silver-Coated Soda-Lime Glass, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 17: 5349-5354 (2005).
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[6] Choi B., Lee H., Jin S., Chun S., Kim S., Characterization of the Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticle Films,Nanotechnology, 18 : 1-5 (2007).
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[7] Lu Y., Spyra P., Mei Y., Ballauff M., Pich A., Composite Hydrogels: Robust Carriers for Catalytic Nanoparticles, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 208: 254-261 (2007).
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[8] Song H.Y., Ko K.K., Oh I.H., Lee, B.T., Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Mechanisms, European cells & Materials, 11: 58 (2006).
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[9] Homaunfar V., Tohidi S.H., Grigoryan G., Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived Cuo@Sio2 Nanocatalysts towards Gas Phase Reactions, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 32: 37-44 (2013).
9
[10] Maheswari R. U., Prabha A. L., Nandagopalan V., Anburaja V., Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Using Rhizome Extract of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. and Their Anti Microbial Activity Against Human Pathogens, Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 1: 38-42 (2012).
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[11] Shrivastava S., Bera T., Roy A., Singh G., Ramachandrarao P., Dash, D., Characterization of Enhanced Antibacterial Effects of Novel Silver Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology. 18: 1-9 (2007).
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[12] Kamali M., Ghorashi S. A. A., Asadollahi M.A., Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Citrate as Complex Agent: Characterization of Nanoparticles and Effect of pH on Size and Crystallinity, Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 31: 21-28 (2012).
12
[13] Bajpai S.K., Yallapu M.M., Bajpai M., Tankhiwale R., Thomas V., Synthesis of Polymer Stabilized Silver and Gold Banostructures, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7: 2994-3010 (2007).
13
[14] Guari Y., Thieuleux C., Mehdi A., Reye C. R., Corriu J. P., Gomez-Gallardo S., Philippot K., Chaudret B.,In Situ Formation of Gold Nanoparticles within Thiol Functionalized HMS-C16 and SBA-15 Type Materials via an Organometallic Two-Step Approach, Chemistry of Materials, 15: 2017-2024 (2003).
14
[15] Mayya K. S., Schoeler B., Caruso F.,Preparation and Organization of Nanoscale Polyelectrolyte-Coated Gold Nanoparticles, Advanced Functional Materials, 13: 183-188 (2003).
15
[16] Ohno K., Koh, K. Tsujii Y., Fukada T.,Fabrication of Ordered Arrays of Gold Nanoparticles Coated with High-Density Polymer Brushes, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 42: 2751-2754 (2003).
16
[17] غلامی شعبانی م.، ایمانی ا.، رزاقی ابیانه م.، ریاضی غ.، چیانی م.، خادمی س.، چمنی م.، اکبرزاده، ع.، بررسی خواص آنتی باکتریال سطوح دارای پوشش نانو ذرات نقره زیست سنتز شده با قارچ فوزاریوم اگزیسپورومدر مقیاس آزمایشگاهی، مجله علمی پژوهشی زیست فناوری میکروبی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، 3: 24 (1390).
17
[18] Zare B., Babaie Sh., Setayesh N., Shahverdi A.R., Isolation and Characterization of a Fungus for Extracellular Synthesis of Small Selenium Nanoparticles,Journal of Nanomedicine, 1: 13-19 (2013).
18
[19] Shankar S.S., Ahmad A., Sastry, M., Geranium Leaf Assisted Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanopaerticles, Biotechnology Progress, 19: 1627-1631 (2003).
19
[20] Plyuto Y., Berquier J. M., Jacquiod C., Ricolleau C., Ag nanoparticles Synthesised in Template-Structured Mesoporous Silica Films on a Glass Substrate, Chemical Communications, 17: 1653-1654 (1999).
20
[21] Tan W.B., Zhang Y.,Surface Modification of Gold and Quantum dot Nanoparticles with Chitosan for Bioapplications, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 75: 56-62 (2005).
21
[22] Yong Song J., Soo Kim B., Rapid Biological Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 32: 79-84 (2009).
22
[23] Tanori J., Pileni M.P.,Control of the Shape of Copper Metallic Particles by Using a Colloidal System as Template, Langmuir. 13: 639-646 (1997).
23
[24] نقش ن.، صفری م.، حاج مهرایی پ.، بررسی اثر نانوذرات نقره بر رشد باکتری اشرشیا کلی، مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، 6 ،65 تا 68 (1391).
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[25] Lin D. H., Xing B. S., Phytotoxicity of أanoparticles: Inhibition of Seed Germination and Root Growth, Environmental Pollution, 150: 243-250 (2007).
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[26] Martel S., Method and System for Controlling Micro-Objects or Micro-Particles, United States patent. US 20100215785; Appl. 11/145, 007 (2005).
26
[27] Jones G.L., Muller C.T., O’Reilly M., Stickler D. J., Effect of Triclosan on the Development of Bacterial Biofilms by Urinary Tract Pathogens on Urinary Catheters, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 57: 266-272 (2006).
27
[28] Amanda S., Mohammad F., John J., Schlager D., Syed A., Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity Assessment, Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 2: 544-568 (2010).
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant and Total Phenolic Content of the Essential Oil of Phlomis aucheri Boiss Growing Wild in Iran
Thegenus Phlomis is comprised of about 100 species, 17 are described in flora of Iran, among which 10 are endemic.In this work, we report on the antimicrobial activity and composition of the essential oil of Phlomis aucheri Boiss (Herbarium No: 91021, TARI) growing wild in Iran. The chemical composition of the essential oil of P. aucheri, collected from Tehran, Province of Iran, were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Fourty-seven components were characterized from the essential oil of P. aucheri, representing 92.88% of the total components were identified. E-anethole 24.58% was found to be the major constituent in the oil of P. aucheri, followed by germacrene D (11.1%), bicyclogermacrene (6.3%), spathulenol (6.01%), β-caryophyllene (5.58%), neryl acetate (4.58%) and germacrene B (4.53%). As mentioned before, sesquiterpenes (51.82%) were the major compounds in the oil of P. aucheri followed by non terpenoid compounds (27.74%) and monoterpenes (13.32%).The antibacterial activity of the essential oil of P. aucheri was evaluated against three gram positive and three gram negative bacteria strains.The results of antibacterial activity showed that the oil of P. aucheri had antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis. Antioxidant activity of the essential oil of P. aucheri was determined by three methods: The Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Radical-scavenging capacity of the oil or bleaching of 2,20-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay. The results suggest application of P. aucheri oil as a natural antioxidant agent.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13354_989dcdc516a5b792a43b7bb02a77b074.pdf
2014-12-01
11
17
essential oil
Phlomis aucheri Boiss
Antimicrobial activity
E-anethole
Germacrene D
Mahboubeh
Taherkahni
mahtaherkhani@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shiva
Masoudi
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Karaminia
3
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abdolhossein
Rustaiyan
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Tsitsimi E., Loukis A., Verykokidou E., Composition of the Essential Oil of the Flowers of Phlomis fruticosa L. from Greece, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(3): 355-356 (2000).
1
[2] Couladis M., Tanimanidis A., Tzakou O., Chinou I.B., Hervalia C., Essential Oil of Phlomis lanata Growing in Greece: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity, Planta Medica, 66(7): 670-672 (2000).
2
[3] Khalilzadeh M.A., Rustaiyan A., Masoudi S., Tajbakhsh M., Essential Oils of Phlomis persica Boiss. and Phlomis olivieri Benth. from Iran, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17(6): 624-625 (2005).
3
[4] Adams R.P., "Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy", Allured Publishing Corp., Carol Stream, IL (1995).
4
[5] Taherkhani M., Masoudi S., Rustaiyan A., Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil of Iranian Xanthogalum Purpurascens, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 31(3-4): 59-64 (2013).
5
[6] Miraliakbari H., Shahidi F., Antioxidant Activity of Minor Components of Tree Nut Oils, Food Chemistry, 111(2): 421-427 (2008).
6
[7] Taga M.S., Miller E.E., Pratt D.E., Chia Seeds as a Source of Natural Lipid Antioxidant, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 61(5): 928-931 (1984).
7
[8] Choi H.S., Song H.S., Ukeda H., Sawamura M., Radical Scavenging Activities of Citrus Essential Oils and their Components: Detection Using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(9): 4156-4161 (2000).
8
[9] Burits M., Bucar F., Antioxidant Activity of Nigella Sativa Essential Oil, Phytotherapy Research, 14(5): 323-328 (2000).
9
[10] Cuendet M., Hostettmann K., Potterat O., Iridoid Glucosides with Free Radical Scavenging Properties from Fagraea blumei, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 80(4): 1144-1152 (1997).
10
[11] Lim T.Y., Lim Y.Y., Yule C.M., Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti- Tyrosinase Activities of four Macaranga Species, Food Chemistr, 114 (2): 594-599 (2009).
11
[12] Kahkonen M.P., Hopia A.I., Vuorela H.J., Rauha J.P., Pihlaja K., Kujala T.S., Heinonen M., Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Containing Phenollic Compounds, J Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10): 3954-3962 (1999).
12
[13] Mammadov R., Ili P., Ertem Vaizogullar H., Afacan Makascı A., Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Gagea fibrosa and Romulea ramiflora, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 30 (3): 57-62 (2011).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Soybean Oil Epoxidation by Heterogeneous Catalyst of Silica Sulfuric Acid
In situ epoxidation reaction of soybean oil from the raw materials of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was performed for the first time in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, namely silica sulfuric acid within the temperature of 30-75 °C. By altering the molar ratios of soybean oil, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide and also the reaction temperature and percent of catalyst, the optimum condition of the epoxidation reaction for obtaining the highest value of epoxy percent in epoxidized soybean oil was achieved. The maximum oxirane value obtained in he product was 6% which was achieved at the optimum condition of the reaction, involving the molar ratio of soybean oil, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide of 1:0.5:1.1 respectively, at the temperature of 60 °C and in the presence of 5% catalyst. Moreover, in comparison with the other acid liquid catalysts usually used for epoxidation reactions, silica sulfuric acid have several advantages including ease of usage, being inexpensive, having high chemical activity and safety and being environmentally friendly.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13356_ff6c4434702b0ce5f81928e205838597.pdf
2014-12-01
19
29
Soybean oil
Hydrogen peroxide
Epoxidation
Heterogeneous catalyst
Silica sulfuric acid
Ahmad
Nalbandi
babanalbandi@ripi.ir
1
Chemical, Polymer & Petrochemical Technology Development Division, RIPI, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Khalili
khaliliaa@ripi.ir
2
Chemical, Polymer & Petrochemical Technology Development Division, RIPI, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Bueno-Ferrer C., Garrigós M.C., Jiménez A.,Characterization and Thermal Stability of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Plasticized with Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Food Packaging , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(11): 2207-2212 (2010).
1
[2] معتمد، س.؛ عالمزاده، ا.؛ تخلیص پراکسید از سویا و بررسی ویژگیهای آن، نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، (3)28: 33 تا 40 (1388).
2
[3] Ernesto Salzano, Anita Garcia Agreda, Vincenzo Russob, Martino Di Serio, Elio Santacesaria, Safety Criteria for the Epoxydation of Soybean Oil in Fed-Batch Reactor, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 26: 39-44 (2012).
3
[4] Goud V.V., Pradhan N.C., Patwardhan A.V, Epoxidation of Karanja (Pongamia Glabra) Oil by H2O2, Journal of American Oil Chem Soc., 83: 635-640 (2006).
4
[5] Sylvain Caillol1, Myriam Desroches1, Gilles Boutevin, Cédric Loubat, Rémi Auvergne, Bernard Boutevin, Synthesis of New Polyester Polyols from Epoxidized Vegetable Oils and Biobased Acids, Journal of European Lipid Science and Technology, 114(12): 1447-1459 (2012).
5
[6] Okieimen F.E, Pavithran C., Bakare I.O., Epoxidation and Hydroxylation of Rubber Seed Oil:One-Pot Multi Step Reactions, Euro. J. Lipid Sci. &Tech., 107: 864-870 (2005).
6
[7] Carlson K.D., Kleiman R., Bagby M.O, Epoxidation of Lesquerella and Limmanthes (Meadowfoam ) Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71: 175-182 (1995).
7
[8] Marcel S.F., Lei K. J. and Mohammad K.P., Epoxidation Reactions of Unsaturated Fatty Esterswith Peroxomonosulphate, Lipids, 33: 633-637 (1998).
8
[9] Sonnet P.E., Foglia T., Epoxidation of Natural Triglycerides with Ethydioxyrane, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83: 835-840 (1996).
9
[10] Aerts A.J., Jacob P.A., Epoxide Yield Determination of Oils and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Using 1H NMR, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 81: 841-846 (2004).
10
[11] Snezana Sinadinovic-Fiser, Milovan Jankovic, Zoran S. Petrovic, Kinetic of in Situ Epoxidation of Soybean Oil in Bulk Catalyzed by Ion Exchange Resin, JAOCS, 78(7): 725-731 (2001).
11
[12] Goud, V.V., Patwardhan A.V., Pradhan N.C., Studies on the Epoxidation of Mahua Oil (Madhumica Indica) by Hydrogen Peroxide, Bioresour. Technol., 97: 1365-1371 (2006).
12
[13] Dinda S., Patwardhan A.V., Goud V.V, Pradhan N.C,Epoxidation of Cottonseed Oil by Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysed by Liquid Lnorganic Acids, Bioresour Technol, 99: 3737-3744 (2008).
13
[14] Campanella, A., Fontanini C., Baltanas, M.A.,High Yield Epoxidation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Performic Acid Generated in Situ, Chem. Eng. J., 144: 466-475 (2008).
14
[15] Mungroo R., Paradhan N.C., Goud V.V.,Dalai A.K., Epoxidation of Canola Oil with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysed by Acidic Ion Exchange Resin, J Am. Oil Chem Soc, 85: 887-896 (2008).
15
[16] Varma R.S., "Fundamental of Aqueous Microwave Chemistry", Springer, 43, Chapter. 1, (1999).
16
[17] Salehi P., Zolfigol M.A., Shirini F., Baghbanzadeh M., Silica Sulfuric Acid and Silica Chloride as Efficient Reagents for Organic Reactions, Curr. Org. Chem., 10: 2171-2189 (2006).
17
[18] Zolfigol M.A., Silica Sulfuric Acid/NaNO2 as a Novel Heterogeneous System for Production of Thionitrites and Disulfides under Mild Conditions, Tetrahedron, 57: 9509-9511 (2001).
18
[19] Salehi P., Dabiri M., Zolfigol M.A., Bodaghi Fard M.A., Silica Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient and Reusable Reagent for Crossed-Aldol Condensation of Ketones with Aromatic Aldehydes under Solvent-Free Conditions, Heterocycles, 60: 2435- (2003).
19
[20] Salehi P., Dabiri M., Zolfigol M.A., Baghbanzadeh M., A New Approach to the Facile Synthesis of Mono- and Disubstituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-Ones under Solvent-Free Conditions, Tetrahedron Lett, 46:7051-7053 (2005).
20
[21] Salehi P., Dabiri M., Zolfigol M.A., Otokesh S., Baghbanzadeh M., Selective Synthesis of 2-Aryl-1-Arylmethyl-1H-1,3-Benzimidazoles in Water at Ambient Temperature, Tetrahedron Lett., 47: 2557-2560 (2006).
21
[22] Minoo Dabiri, Peyman Salehi, Mostafa Baghbanzadeh, Mohammd Ali Zolfigol,Silica Sulfuric Acid: An Efficient Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst, Catalysis Communications, 9: 785-788 (2008).
22
[23] Foster D.S., Leslie S.E., Determination of Oxirane Content in Epoxy Compounds, "Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis", Interscience Publishers, A Division of John Willey & Sonc, Inc, 12: 206-207 (1971).
23
[24] Wijs Method, Iodine Value of Fats and Oils, pp. 1-25, AOCS Method Cd (1994).
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of Interaction of Mustard Gas on (4,0), (5,0) and (6,0) Zig-Zag Aluminum-Nitride Nanotubes
In order to find a suitable sensitivity sensor for Mustard molecule as blistering agent, we studied the adsorption behavior of MU molecule on the exterior surface of (4,0), (5,0) and (6,0) zigzag Aluminum-Nitride Nanotubes (AlNNTs) by used of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Geometry optimizations were carried out at B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory.The equilibrium distances, adsorption energy, Dipole moment and energies of the Highest-Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) as well as the Lowest-Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) were calculated for the adsorption process of MU molecule on the aluminum-nitride nanotubes. Results show that the adsorption energy and the electronic properties of the AlNNTs depend on the AlNNTs diameter and orientation of the MU molecule outside the tube. The adsorption energies and equilibrium distances show that the 40S configuration (Sulfur atom of MU molecule is situated above a aluminum atom of (4,0) AlNNT) is most favorable. The quite small values of electron transfer (ΔN) and the slight effect of MU molecule adsorption near the Fermi level in DOS of (4,0) AlNNT shows an inconsiderable amount of electron transfer between the MU molecule and AlNNTs in the adsorption process.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13357_2b8337d884af133c9f99497bb314a28b.pdf
2014-12-01
31
41
Density functional calculation
Aluminum-nitride nanotubes
Mustard Gas
Adsorption energies
Dipolmoment
Mohadese
Bolbol Amiri
mb.amiri@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sattar
Arshadi
2
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Zahra
Azizi
3
Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
1] SidellF.R., Borak J.,Chemical Warfare Agents: II. Nerve Agents, Ann. Emerg. Med.,21(7): 865-871 (1992).
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[2] Newmark J.,Nerve Agents, Neurologist,13(1):20-32 (2007).
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[3] Russell A.J., Berberich J.A., Drevon G.F., Koepsel R.R., Biomaterials for Mediation of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.,5: 1-27 (2003).
3
[4] Somani S.M., "Chemical Warfare Agents", Academic Press, London, (1992).
4
[5] Seto Y., Kanamori-Kataoka M., Tsuge K., Ohsawa I., Matsushita K., Sekiguchi H.,Itoi T., Iura K., Sano Y., Yamashiro S.,Sensing Technology for Chemical Warfare Agents and Its Evaluation Using Authentic Agents, Sens. Actuators B.,108(1-2): 193-197 (2005).
5
[6] Black R.M., Clarke R.J., Read R.W., Reid M.T.J., Application of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Chemical Warfare Samples, Found to Contain Residues of the Nerve Agent Sarin, Sulphur Mustard and Their Degradation Products, J. Chromatogr. A.,662(2): 301-321 (1994).
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[7] Stewart C.E., Sullivan Jr. J.B., in: Sullivan Jr. J.B., Krieger G.R. (Eds.), "Hazardous Materials Toxicology e Clinical Principles of Environmental Health", Williamsand Wilkins, Baltimore, (1992).
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[8] Bismuth C., Borron S.W., Baud F.J., Barriot P., Chemical Weapons: Documented Use and Compounds on the Horizon, Toxicol. Lett.,149(1-3):11-18(2004).
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[9] Fischer. Schattkowsky K., Martina. ed (in German). Steinkopf, Georg Wilhelm, in: "Sächsische Biografie" (Online ed.). Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde(2004).
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[10] McGill R.A., Nguyen V.K., Chung R., Shaffer R.E., DiLella D., Stepnowski J.L.,Mlsna T.E., Venezky D.L., Dominguez D.,The 'NRL-SAWRHINO': a Nose for Toxic Gases, Sens. Actuators B.,65: 10-13 (2000).
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[11] Marenco A.J., "Electrochemical Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants", University of Saskatchewan, Thesis, (2009).
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[12] Collins P.G., Bradley K., Ishigami M., Zettl A., Extreme Oxygen Sensitivity of Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Science, 287:1801-1804 (2000).
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[13] Kim Y., Lee S., Choi H.H., Noh J.S., Lee W., Detection of a Nerve Agent Simulant Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks: Dimethyl-Methyl- Phosphonate, Nanotechnology, 21: 495501(5pp) (2010).
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[14] Wang Y.Y., Yang Z., Hou Z.Y., Xu D., Wei L.M., Kong ES W., Zhang Y.F., Flexible Gas Sensors with Assembled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for DMMP Vapor Detection, Sensors and Actuators B.,150(2): 708–714 (2010).
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[15] Wei C., Dai L., Roy A., Tolle T.B., Multifunctional Chemical Vapor Sensors of Aligned Carbon Nanotube and Polymer Composites, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,128(5):1412-1413 (2006).
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[12] Horrillo M.C., Martí J., Matatagui D., Santos J.P., Sayago I., Gutiérrez J., Ivanov P., Gràcia I., Cané C., Martin-Fernandez I., Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Microsensors for Nerve Agent Simulant Detection, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 157(1):253-259 (2011).
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[17] Liu G., Lin Y., Biosensor Based on Self-Assembling Acetylcholinesterase on Carbon Nanotubes for Flow Injection/Amperometric Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides and Nerve Agents, Anal. Chem., 78(3): 835-843 (2006).
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[18] Cattanach K., Kulkarni R.D., Kozlov M., Manohar S.K., Flexible Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Nerve Agent Stimulants, Nanotechnology,17(16): 4123-4128 (2006).
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[19] Wang F., Gu H., Swager T.M., Carbon Nanotube/Polythiophene Chemiresistive Sensors for Shemical Warfare Agents, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,130(16):5392-5393 (2008).
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[20] Lee C.Y., Baik S., Zhang J.Q., Masel R.I., Strano M.S., Charge Transfer from Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensor Arrays, J. Phys. Chem. B., 110(23):11055-11061 (2006).
20
[21] Joshi K.A., Tang J., Haddon R., Wang J., Chen W., Mulchandani A., A Disposable Diosensor for Organophosphorus Nerve Agents Based on Carbon Nanotubes Modified Thick Film Strip Electrode, Electroanalysis,17(1): 54-58 (2005).
21
[22] Ganji M.D., Tajbakhsh M., Laffafchy M., Nerve Agents Interacting with Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Density Functional Calculations, Solid State Sci.,12(9): (2010) 1547-1553.
22
[23] Ahmadian N., Ganji M.D., Laffafchy M., Theoretical Investigation of Nerve Agent DMMP Adsorption Onto Stonee Wales Defected Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 135(2-3): (2012) 569-574.
23
[24] Schroten E., Goossens A., Schoonman J., Photo- and Electroreflectance of Cubic Boron Phosphide, J. Appl. Phys.,83(3):1660-1663(1998).
24
[25] Ferreira V.A., Leite Alves H.W.,Boron Phosphide as the Buffer-Layer for the Epitaxial III-Nitride Growth: A Theoretical Study, J. Cryst. Growth.,310(17):3973-3978 (2008).
25
[26] Wu Q., Hu, X Z.. Wang, Lu Y., Chen X., Xu H., Chen Y.,Synthesis and Characterization of Faceted Hexagonal. Aluminum Nitride Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,125(34):10176-10177(2003).
26
[27] Tang C., Bando Y., Yue C., Gu C., Xu F.F.G.,Fluoridation and Electrical Conductivity of BN Nanotubes, Am.Chem.Soc., 127(18): 6552-6553 (2005).
27
[28] Hazarika K.K.,Baruah N.C., Deka R.C.,Molecular Sstructure and Rreactivity of Antituberculosis Drug Molecules Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and 2-Methylheptylisonicotinate: A Density Functional Approach, Struct. Chem.,20(6):1079-1085 (2009).
28
[29] Parr R.G., Szentpaly L., Liu S.,Electrophilicity Index, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,121(9):1922-1924 (1999).
29
[30] Frisch M. J., Trucks G. W., Schlegel H. B., et al., "Gaussian 98", Gaussian, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA, (1998).
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Influence of Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction Methods to Removal Potentially Toxic Metals from Industrial Effluent Aqueous Phase
Industrial wastewater with heavy metal ions is an environmental concern. Ions of heavy metals from non-biodegradable nature, high toxicity, carcinogenic and cumulative effects, are highly regarded. In this research, hydrometallurgical methods such as solvent extraction method and ion exchange to remove potentially toxic metals Pb, Ni, Cd, Zn and Cu wastewater from the aqueous phase of the industrial area of the Kerman province, including polyethylene, tile, ferromolybdenum factories, coal washing plant and coal mine were examined. In the cationic ion-exchange resin Dowex50wx8 (H +) with 200-400 mesh sizes for extracting organic solvent from Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA or HDEHP) is an organophosphorus and thinners were used as Cruising. In order to find optimal conditions, the effect of various parameters such as pH, the amount of resin, contact time and aqueous phase pH and the concentration of organic solvent in the solvent extraction method was investigated. According to the results, the best pH range between 4 and 6 were obtained for both methods. The optimum concentration of organic solvent extraction is 20% by volume in cruising. Results suggest that the elimination of potentially toxic metals from industrial effluent aqueous phase ion-exchange method is higher than that of organic solvent extraction.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13358_73088c554b9444e87d6c9962ab131876.pdf
2014-12-01
43
52
Remove potentially toxic metals
Dowex50wx8 resin
Solvent extraction
Ion exchange
Industrial effluent
Sayed Morteza
Moosavirad
s.m.moosavirad@gmail.com
1
Department of Mining Engineering, Higher Education Complex of Zarand, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Shoukati Pour Sani A., Shariat SM., Jafarzadeh Haghighifard NE., Nabizadeh Noudehi R., Elimination of Heavy Metal from Waste Water by Reusing the Waste: Case Study (Cadmium Salts by Used Spent Soils that Used in Vegetable Oil Industries), Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 10 (1): 41-46 (2008).
1
[2] Ahmadi B., Survey about Heavy Metals effects on Human Health. 2003. Zanjan Regional Water Company. Available at: URL: http://znrw.ir/articlesbank/B.A.doc/. Accessed April 21 (2012).
2
[3] Robetrs N.B., Walsh H.P., Klenerman L., Kelly S.A., Helliwell T.R., Determination of Elements in Human Femoral Bone using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 11: 133-138 (1996).
3
[4] Ansky Z.C., Rychlovsky P., Petrova Z., Matousek J.P., Atechnique Coupling the Analyte Electrode position Followed by in-Situ Stripping with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Analysis of Samples with High NaCl Contents, Spectrochim, 62B: 250–257 (2007).
4
[5] Dogan C.E., Akcin G., Solid Phase Extraction and Determination of Lead in Water Samples Using Silica Gel Homogeneously Modified by Thiosalicylic Acid, Anal. Lett, 40: 2524–2543 (2007).
5
[6] اشرفی، فریدون؛ نوروزی، محمد؛ استخراج روی در محیط سولفات توسط-1 فنیل-3-متیل-4-بنزویل پیرازول-5- ان، نهمین کنگره ملی مهندسی شیمی ایران، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران (1383).
6
[7] فتحی حبشی، مترجم: سید ضیاءالدین شفائی و محمود عبداللهی، "هیدرومتالورژی" ، جلددوم، انتشارات دانشگاه شاهرود (1384).
7
[8] Morters M., Bart H.J., Fluorescence Indicated Mass Transfer in Reactive Extraction, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 23: 1-7 (2000).
8
[9] Mansur M.B., Morais B.S., Characterisation of the Reactive Test System ZnSO4/D2EHPA in n-Heptan, Hydrometallurgy, 74:11-18 (2004).
9
[10] Chen W., Chang A.C., Wu L., Assessing Long-Term Environmental Risks of Trace Elements in Fertilizers, Ecotox. Environ.,67: 48-58 (2007).
10
[11] Mottahedin P., Haghighiasl A., Subcritical Water as a Solvent and Its Application for Extraction, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 7: 59-81 (2013).
11
[12] سردشتی، علیرضا؛ محمدیان مقدم، سعید؛ تعیین ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی هیومیک اسید استخراج شده از خاک جنگلی نهارخوران گرگان، نسبت به یونهای Pb+2، Cd+2 و Ni+2 به روش ناپیوسته ظرفی در محیط آبی، نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، (3) 26: 9 تا 17 (1386).
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of pH Parameter on the Synthesis of CoMo/γ- Alumina Catalyst Prepared from Extruded Boehmite Based γ-Alumina by Using Precipitation
In this study alumina powder was synthesized by precipitation method. Boehmite gel was produced by hydrolysis of aluminium nitrate at pH rang of 8-9 and temperature of 90°C. The obtained gel was dried at 110°C and extruded subsequently. Extrudes were dried and calcined at 600°C. The final product has a surface area of > 200 m2/g and mean pore diameter of 6.6-11.63 nm. The γ- alumina extrudates were then wet impregnated with molybdenium and cobalt salts, respectively. To produce γ-alumina supported CoMo catalyst (CoMo/γ-alumina). The amount of impregnated metal was measured by XRF technique. TPR analysis was performed to determine the reduction power.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13359_b3b3dee5dfd6048e61a21efdee5d2bc4.pdf
2014-12-01
53
60
Gamma alumina
Extrude
Boehmite
catalyst
CoMo catalyst
Zahra
Shahidian
z_shahidian@yahoo.com
1
Engineering Center and Manufacturing of Solid Adsorbents and Catalysts, Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECR, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azadeh
Papan
azadeh_papan@yahoo.com
2
Engineering Center and Manufacturing of Solid Adsorbents and Catalysts, Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECR, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Warthen J.L., Preparation of Macroporus Alumina Extrudates, US.Patent,853,789, (1974).
1
[2] Potdar H.S., Ki-Won Jun, Synthesis of Nano-Sized Porous γ-Alumina Powder via a Precipitation/Digestion Route, Applied catalyst A:General, 321: 109-116 (2007).
2
[3] Vogel R.F., Mercelin G., The Preparation of Controlled Pore Alumina, Applied catalyst, 12: 237-284 (1984).
3
[4] Kiyoshi Okada, Toru Nagashima, Relationship between Formation Conditions, Properties and Crystallite Size of Bohemite, J. of Colloid and Interface Science, 253: 308-314 (2002).
4
[5] Johnson M.F.L., Mooi J., The Origin and Types of Pores in Some Alumina Catalysts, J. of Catalysis, 10: 342-354 (1068).
5
[6] لیلا شریفی، تورج عبادزاده، مقایسه خواص نانو پودر اکسید آلومینیوم سنتز شده در کوره و مایکروویو، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مهندسی مواد، (1)4: 41 تا 46 (1389)
6
[7] Wakabayashi M., Togari O., Process for the Production of Alumina Suitable for Use as a Catalyst Carrier, US. Patent 4,248,852, (1981).
7
[8] São Carlos, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Well-Crystallised Boehmite Crystals of Various Shapes, Materials Research, 12(4): 1516-1439 (2009).
8
[9] US Research Nanomaterials,Inc, www.us-nano.com
9
[10] www.sasol.com
10
[11] O’Hara M.J., Method of Manufacturing a Hydroreforming Catalyst, US Patent 4046714, Sep. 6, (1977).
11
[12] گلمحمدی، م.؛ "تکنولوژی اکسترودرها و صنایع اکستروژن" ، تهران: شرکت ملی صنایع پتروشیمی، (1380) .
12
[13] م.عابدی, غ. وحدانی, خ. مقدم، بررسی اثر روش ساخت بر عملکرد کاتالیست گوگردزدایی از نفتا، نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، (2)26: 21 تا 26 (1386)
13
[14] www.topsoe.com
14
[15] www.axens.net
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ultra-Trace Determination of Lead in Environmental and Biological Samples Based Ionic liquid Single Drop Microextraction with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
در این پژوهش امکان کاربرد مایع یونی 1- بوتیل- 3- میتل ایمیدازولیم هگزا فلورو فسفات ([C4MIM][PF6]) به عنوان یک حلال سبز (جایگزین حلال های آلی سمی و خطرناک) در پیش تغلیظ و اندازهگیری مقدارهای جزیی سرب در نمونههای آبی زیستمحیطی و زیستی به روش میکرواستخراج با یک قطره مایع یونی و اسپکتروسکوپی جذب اتمی الکتروترمال (SDME-ETAAS) بررسی و پارامترهای تجربی مربوط به کارایی روش میکرواستخراج با یک قطره مانند غلظت معرف شلاته کننده، pH ، مدت زمان استخراج، حجم مایع یونی، سرعت هم زدن، قدرت یونی، دما و حجم محلول نمونه مطالعه و بهینه شدند. در شرایط بهینه (8 میکرو لیتر حجم میکروقطره،6 دقیقه زمان استخراج، 900 دور در دقیقه سرعت هم زدن و 2 میلیلیتر حجم محلول نمونه) بازهی خطی، حد تشخیص (سه برابر انحراف استاندارد شاهد) و تکرارپذیری (درصد انحراف استاندارد نسبی برای 10 بار اندازه گیری) به ترتیب 1000-20 میکروگرم بر لیتر ، 64/0 میکروگرم بر لیتر و 8/3 % بودند.همچنین روش برنامه ریزی شده به صورت درصد بازیابی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. ارزیابی کاربرد عملی روش پیشنهادی، با تجزیه نمونه های آبی زیست محیطی شامل آب تصفیه شده، آب شهری، آب رودخانه و نمونه های زیستی شامل بزاق دهان و موی انسان بهطور موفقیت آمیز صورت گرفت. درصد بازیابی نمونههای آلوده شده در سطح غلظتی 200 و 300 نانوگرم بر لیتر سرب 7/103-6/94 درصد بود. سادگی، ارزانی، سرعت، بازیابی و کارایی استخراج بالا، تکرارپذیری خوب و استفاده نکردن از حلالهای آلی سمی از برتریهای اصلی روش پیشنهادی میباشد
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13360_1c65bd54de480383504a7a8aa5527f17.pdf
2014-12-01
61
68
Jila
Talat Mehrabad
jila.talat@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein
Sheikhloie Bonab
2
Department of Chemistry, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Farzad
Arjomandirad
3
Department of Chemistry, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] ATSDR, Toxic Substances-Lead.
1
[2] Envis. Centre. ITRC. Current Status of Lead in India, Released on World Enviromental Day,
2
5th June (2001).
3
[3] A.K. De., “Environmental Chemistry”, 3rd ed., New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, (1996).
4
[4] Goyer R.A., Klaassen C.D., Amdur M.O., Dou (Eds.) J., “Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology:
5
The Basic Sci-Eence of Poisons”, 3rd ed., MacMillan Publishing Company., New York, (1986).
6
[5] NurnbergH. W., “Pollutants and Their Ecotoxicological Significance”,Wiley, Chichester., (1985).
7
[6] Lynarn D.R., Plantanido L.G., Cole J.F., “Environ-mental Lead”, Academic Press, New York., (1975).
8
[7] Nriagu J.O., “The Biochemistry of Lead in the Environ-Mental”, Elsevier, Amsterdam., (1978).
9
[8] Lanphear B.P., Burgoon D.A., Rust S.W., Eberly S., Galke W., Environmental Exposures to Lead and Urban Children’s Blood Lead Levels, Environ. Res., 76: 120-127 (1998).
10
[9] Dai S., Ju Y.H., Barnes C.E., Solvent Extraction of Strontium Nitrate by a Crown Ether Using Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids" J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1201 (1999).
11
[10] Visser A.E., Swatloski R.P., Reichert W.M., Griffin S. T., Rogers R. D., Application of Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39: 3596-3604 (2001).
12
[11] Visser A.E., Swatloski R.P., Griffin S.T., Hartman D.H., Rogers R.D., The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements., Sep. Sci. Technol., 36: 785-804 (2001).
13
[12] Visser A.E., Swatloski R.P., Reichert W.M., Mayton R., Sheff S., Wierzbicki A., Davies J.H., Rogers R.D., Task-Specific Ionic Liquids Incorporating Novel Cations for the Coordination and Extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+: Synthesis, Characterization, and Extraction Studies., Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 2523-2529 (2002).
14
[13] Wank J., Hansen E.H., Coupling Sequential Injection on-line Preconcentration Using a PTFE Beads Packed Column to Direct Injection Nebulization Inductively Cou-Pled Plasma Mass Spectrometry., J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 17: 1278-1283 (2002).
15
[14] Manzoori J.L., Amjadi M., Abulhasani J., Ultra-Trace Determination of Lead in Water and Food Samples by Using Ionic Liquid-Based Single Drop Microextraction-Electrothermal Atomic Aabsorption Spectrometry, J.Anal Chim Acta., 30: 644(1-2):48-52(2009).
16
[15] Nazari S., Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead by Modified Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Liquid Phase Microextraction with Pyrimidine-2-Thiol, J. Analytical Chemistry, 2:757-767 (2011).
17
[16] Jeannot Michael A., Cantwell Frederick F., Solvent Microextraction into a Single Drop, Anal. Chem., 68: 2236-2240 (1996).
18
[17] Wardenki W., Curylo J., Namiesnik J., Trends in Solventless Sample Preparation Techniques for Environmental Analysis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70: 275-288 (2007).
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Addition of Alcohol and Surfactants on the Hydrodynamic of an Airlift Reactor in Three Phase Conditions
In this study, effect of ethanol and anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants on circulation velocity, mixing time and gas holdup in a three phase (water and alcohol-air-PVC particles) concentric draft tube airlift reactor have been investigated. In this experiments, Changing of gas velocity, liquid level and solid loading was investigated. Airlift reactor with height, internal tube diameter, outer tube diameter 173, 5 and 8 centimeters respectively, was made of glass.In gas-liquid-solid systems, with increasing gas velocity, gas holdup in riser and liquid velocity increases. The results show that gas holdup increases, surface tension and liquid circulation velocity decreases in the presence of alcohol, furthermore the results illustrate that non-ionic surfactant has greatest impact in proportion with cationic surfactant and ionic surfactant on gas holdup.In this study, the equation has been proposed for liquid velocity and gas holdup and mixing time.
https://www.nsmsi.ir/article_13361_3c0bd73aea0e5537174ba4c79bd5e196.pdf
2014-12-01
69
77
Airlift reactor
Hydrodynamic parameter
surfactant
Three phase
Saeed
Jaberzadeh
1
School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, P.O. Box 3513119111 Semnan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali
Haghighi Asl
ahaghighi@semnan.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, P.O. Box 3513119111 Semnan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Seyed Jaber
Safdari
jsafdari@aeoi.org.ir
3
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box 11365-8486 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abbas
Rashidi
rashidi@umz.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mazandaran,, P.O. Box 47415 Babolsar, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] مهرنیا، محمدرضا؛ توفیقی، جعفر؛ بنکدارپور، بابک؛ اکبرنژاد، محمد مهدی، مطالعه هیدرودینامیک در راکتورهای ایرلیفت حاوی میکروامولسیون آب در نفت، فنی ومهندسی مدرس، 18: 9 تا 16 (1383).
1
[2] Merchuk J., Siegel M.H., Airlift Reactors in Chemical and Biological Technology, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 41:105-120 (1988).
2
[3] Peterson E., Margaritis A., Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Three-Phase Gas-Lift Bioreactor Systems, Critical Reviews in Biotechnol Journal, 21:233-249 (2001).
3
[4] Singh A., Van Hamme J.D., Ward O.P., Surfactants in Microbiology and Biotechnology: Part 2. Application Aspects, Biotechnology Advances Journal, 25:99-121(2007).
4
[5] Tzounakos A., Karamanev D.G., Margaritis A., Bergougnou M.A., Effect of Surfactants on the Free Rise of Single Gas Bubbles in Non-Newtonian Pseudoplastic Liquids, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,43:5790-5795 (2004).
5
[6] Alves S.S., Orvalho S.P.,Vasconcelos J.M.T., Effect of Bubble Contamination on Rise Velocity and Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Science, 60:1-9 (2005).
6
[7] Vazquez G., Antorrena G., Navaza J.M., Influence of Surfactant Concentration and Chain Length on the Absorption of CO2 by Aqueous Surfactant Solutions in the Presence and Absence of Induced Marangoni Effect, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 39:1088-1094 (2000).
7
[8] Fang X., Shen Y., Zhao J., Bao X., Qu Y., Status and Prospect of Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production in China, Bioresource Technology. Bd., 101(13): 4814-4819 (2010).
8
[9] Mabee W.E., Saddler J.N., Bioethanol from Lignocellulosics: Status and Perspectives in Canada, Bioresource Technology, 101(13): 4806-4816 (2010).
9
[10] Moraveji M.K., Sajjadi B., Davarnejad R., Sharafoddin S., Influence of Buthanol Addition on Mass Transfer and Bubble Diameter in a Split-Cylinderical Airlift Reactor, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 18:227-283 (2011).
10
[11] Isaka K., Sumino T., Tsuneda S., Novel Nitritation Process Using Heat-Shocked Nitrifying Bacteria Entrapped in Gel Carrier, Process Biochemistry, 43:265-270 (2008).
11
[12] Moraveji M.K., Morovati Pasand M., Davarnejad R., Chisti Y., Effects of Surfactants on Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer in a Split-Cylinder Airlift Reactor, The Canadian journal of Chemical Engineering, 90:93-99 (2012).
12
[13] Sivasubramaniana V., Naveen Prasad B.S., Effects of Superficial Gas Velocity and Fluid Property on the Hydrodynamic Performance of An Airlift Column with Alcohol Solution, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 1(1):245-253 (2009).
13
[14] Azher N.E., Gourich B., Soulami M., Bouzidi A., Barkaoui M., Ziyad M., Influence of Alcohol Addition on Gas Hold-Up, Liquid Circulation Velocity and Mass Transfer Coefficient in a Split-Rectangular Airlift Bioreactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 23:161–167 (2005).
14
[15] Sijacki I., Colovic R., Tokic M., Kojic P., Simple Correlations for Bubble Columns and Draft Tube Airlift Reactors With Dilute Alcohol Solutions, Acta Periodica Technologica, 40:1-220 (2009).
15
[16] Molina E., Contreras A., Chisti Y., Gas Holdup, Liquid Circulation and Mixing Behavior of Viscous Newtonian Media in A Split-Cylinder Airlift Bioreactor, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 77:27-32 (1999).
16
[17] Onken U., Weiland P., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in An Airlift Loop Fermenter, European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10:31-40 (1980).
17
[18] Kelkar B.G., Godbole S.P., Honath M.F., Shah Y.T., Carr N.L., Deckwer W.D., Effect of Addition of Alcohol on Gas Holdup and Backmixing in Bubble Column, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 29:361–369 (1983).
18
[19] Weiland P., Influence of Draft Tube Diameter on Operation of Airlift Loop Reactors, German Chemical Engineering, 7:374–385 (1984).
19
[20] Kennard M., Janekeh M., Two- and Three-Phase Mixing in a Concentric Draft Tube Gaslift Fermentor, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 38:1261–1270 (1991).
20
[21] Albijanic B., Havran V., Petrovic D.j., Duric M., Tekic M.N., Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Draft Tube Airlift Reactor With Dilute Alcohol Solutions, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 53:267-273 (2007).
21