Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Measurement and Modeling of Phase Equlibrium of Binary Systems, Carbon Dioxide-Toluene and Carbon Dioxide-Ethanol at High Pressures for Determination of Optimum Condition of Fine Particles Production in the Gas Anti-Solvent ProcessMeasurement and Modeling of Phase Equlibrium of Binary Systems, Carbon Dioxide-Toluene and Carbon Dioxide-Ethanol at High Pressures for Determination of Optimum Condition of Fine Particles Production in the Gas Anti-Solvent Process187126FAHasan PahlavanzadehFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRANHamid Bakhshi ZarrinabadiFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20110421<em>In this research, high pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus built and the solubility of carbon dioxide in two organic solvents, toluene and ethanol, at temperature range 298.15-318.15 K and pressures up to 78 bar were measured. The obtained experimental data show that the solubility of carbon dioxide increases by increasing the pressure and decreases by increasing the temperature. The experimental data correlated by PR and SRK equation of states along with the van der Waals and Huron</em><em>-Vidal mixing rules. The adjustable parameters and average absolute relative deviations of each model have been reported. The SRK-HV model with an average deviation of 2.52% for the carbon dioxide-toluene binary system at four temperatures and 3.79% for the carbon dioxide-ethanol system at three temperatures is the best between the studied models. Also the average deviation of SRK equation of state is 4.95% and the average deviation of PR equation of state, is 5.15% at all studied temperatures and pressures. The study of the relative volume expansions of toluene and ethanol show that 295.15 K and 57 bar are the best operating condition for gas anti-solvent process by using toluene and ethanol.</em><em>In this research, high pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus built and the solubility of carbon dioxide in two organic solvents, toluene and ethanol, at temperature range 298.15-318.15 K and pressures up to 78 bar were measured. The obtained experimental data show that the solubility of carbon dioxide increases by increasing the pressure and decreases by increasing the temperature. The experimental data correlated by PR and SRK equation of states along with the van der Waals and Huron</em><em>-Vidal mixing rules. The adjustable parameters and average absolute relative deviations of each model have been reported. The SRK-HV model with an average deviation of 2.52% for the carbon dioxide-toluene binary system at four temperatures and 3.79% for the carbon dioxide-ethanol system at three temperatures is the best between the studied models. Also the average deviation of SRK equation of state is 4.95% and the average deviation of PR equation of state, is 5.15% at all studied temperatures and pressures. The study of the relative volume expansions of toluene and ethanol show that 295.15 K and 57 bar are the best operating condition for gas anti-solvent process by using toluene and ethanol.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Investigating the Effect of Lime Sub-Grains on the Modeling of Hydrogen Reduction of Molybdenum DisulfideInvestigating the Effect of Lime Sub-Grains on the Modeling of Hydrogen Reduction of Molybdenum Disulfide25417424FABahador AbolpourDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. IRANMohammad Mahdi AfsahiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. IRANMorteza SohrabiFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Amir-kabir University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20101011<em>Both of the diffusion and the reaction of hydrogen, in a composed pellet of molybdenum</em><em> disulfide and lime particles, have a certain role in the reduction of molybdenum disulfide process. In this study presented a mathematical model for simulating the successive gas-solid reaction of hydrogen reduction of molybdenum disulfide in the presence of lime, which evaluated the role of this two effect, diffusion and reaction. The mole and heat balance equations solved at each time and location step to obtain the concentration and temperature profiles in the pellet. The results of this modeling obtain that the non-isothermal assumption of the reaction has no effect on the behavior of the reaction. The results of this modeling have a relative deviation from experimental data. Reason of this deviation is many effective factors that affected this series of non-catalytic gas-solid reactions, reaction of one gas with two solids, which completely described in this paper. Finally calculated new values of the effective diffusivity and the frequency factor of reaction by fitting the model results to the experimental data, and the model predictions approached the experimental data, very well. In this modeling applied the dusty gas model to describe the gas diffusion in the pellet.</em><em>Both of the diffusion and the reaction of hydrogen, in a composed pellet of molybdenum</em><em> disulfide and lime particles, have a certain role in the reduction of molybdenum disulfide process. In this study presented a mathematical model for simulating the successive gas-solid reaction of hydrogen reduction of molybdenum disulfide in the presence of lime, which evaluated the role of this two effect, diffusion and reaction. The mole and heat balance equations solved at each time and location step to obtain the concentration and temperature profiles in the pellet. The results of this modeling obtain that the non-isothermal assumption of the reaction has no effect on the behavior of the reaction. The results of this modeling have a relative deviation from experimental data. Reason of this deviation is many effective factors that affected this series of non-catalytic gas-solid reactions, reaction of one gas with two solids, which completely described in this paper. Finally calculated new values of the effective diffusivity and the frequency factor of reaction by fitting the model results to the experimental data, and the model predictions approached the experimental data, very well. In this modeling applied the dusty gas model to describe the gas diffusion in the pellet.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Hydrodynamic Characterization of Three-Phase Fluidized-Beds Using Vibration Signature AnalysisHydrodynamic Characterization of Three-Phase Fluidized-Beds Using Vibration Signature Analysis43537425FAAmir SheikhiMultiphase Systems Research Lab., Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563 Tehran,, I.R. IRANRahmat Sotudeh-GharebaghMultiphase Systems Research Lab., Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563 Tehran,, I.R. IRANNavid MostoufiMultiphase Systems Research Lab., Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563 Tehran,, I.R. IRANReza ZarghamiMultiphase Systems Research Lab., Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563 Tehran,, I.R. IRANMohammad Mahjoob JahromiModal Lab. School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20101011<em>Vibration fluctuations of a three-phase gas-liquid-solid fluidized-bed, as a novel method of hydrodynamic characterization of such a complex system, were introduced and investigated. The studied three-phase fluidized-bed consisted of air, water, and sand particles as three operating phases, in which, water was continuous, and air and sand particles were dispersed phases, respectively. Such fluidized-beds, in which, the gas and liquid are upward co-current flows, and solid is present from the beginning of the process, are known as the most common industrial three-phase fluidized-beds. Using reliable, yet non-intrusive methods to study the hydrodynamics of such systems is vital. In this paper, time-series obtained from vibration fluctuations signals at a height of 13.5 cm (L/D = 1.5) above the gas-liquid distributor were analyzed at time domain (statistical methods), as a usual method. Also, average cycle frequency, as a novel method to characterize such systems, was introduced. It was concluded that standard deviation of bed-shell vibration fluctuations is a powerful representative of bed overall regime change, and the change of the slope of kurtosis is occurring near minimum fluidization. Moreover, minimum liquid-fluidization velocity was acquired using average cycle frequency of vibration signals with an acceptable relative error. Operating condition, resulted by vibration analysis, at which the bed-regime change occurred, was in agreement with experimental observations, and the results of minimum fluidization were consistent with the most accurate relations in the literature. Finally, vibration signature analysis, as a fully-non-invasive method which doesn’t interfere with internal hydrodynamics of the bed, is introduced to hydrodynamic characterization of three-phase fluidized beds. Outline of present research can be used in industrial reactors operated at sever conditions of temperature and/or pressure successfully.</em><em>Vibration fluctuations of a three-phase gas-liquid-solid fluidized-bed, as a novel method of hydrodynamic characterization of such a complex system, were introduced and investigated. The studied three-phase fluidized-bed consisted of air, water, and sand particles as three operating phases, in which, water was continuous, and air and sand particles were dispersed phases, respectively. Such fluidized-beds, in which, the gas and liquid are upward co-current flows, and solid is present from the beginning of the process, are known as the most common industrial three-phase fluidized-beds. Using reliable, yet non-intrusive methods to study the hydrodynamics of such systems is vital. In this paper, time-series obtained from vibration fluctuations signals at a height of 13.5 cm (L/D = 1.5) above the gas-liquid distributor were analyzed at time domain (statistical methods), as a usual method. Also, average cycle frequency, as a novel method to characterize such systems, was introduced. It was concluded that standard deviation of bed-shell vibration fluctuations is a powerful representative of bed overall regime change, and the change of the slope of kurtosis is occurring near minimum fluidization. Moreover, minimum liquid-fluidization velocity was acquired using average cycle frequency of vibration signals with an acceptable relative error. Operating condition, resulted by vibration analysis, at which the bed-regime change occurred, was in agreement with experimental observations, and the results of minimum fluidization were consistent with the most accurate relations in the literature. Finally, vibration signature analysis, as a fully-non-invasive method which doesn’t interfere with internal hydrodynamics of the bed, is introduced to hydrodynamic characterization of three-phase fluidized beds. Outline of present research can be used in industrial reactors operated at sever conditions of temperature and/or pressure successfully.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Experimental Investigation of Fracture Geometrical Effect on Fingers Spreading/Generation During Miscible Injections in Fractured Heavy Oil ReservoirsExperimental Investigation of Fracture Geometrical Effect on Fingers Spreading/Generation During Miscible Injections in Fractured Heavy Oil Reservoirs55657449FAMilad SaidianFaculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRANMohammad Hossein GhazanfariFaculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRANMohsen MasihiFaculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRANRiyaz KharratTehran Petroleum Research Center, Petroleum University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20101206<em>Finger initiation/developementat fluid-fluid interface during miscible floods can cause poor displacement efficiency, which is undesirable in enhanced oil recovery processes. In this work a series of hydrocarbon injection experiments performed on 5-spot glass micromodels which were initially saturated with the heavy crude oil. The fractured micromodels with different fracture geometrical characteristics used in the tests. </em><em>High quality image analysis applied to determine the fluid flow behaviour, solvent front movement and viscous fingering associated with solvent movement in matrix and fractures. Observations showed that higher solvent dispersion in the fractures rather than matrix in both longitudinal and transversal directions cause the finger behaviour to be affected by the fracture geometrical characteristics. </em><em>It also diminishes and merges the fingers to a unit solvent front by increasing spreading in regions near fractures. </em><em>Due to the heterogeneity induced by fractures in media finger tip splitting initiates before solvent breakthrough. </em><em>In fact</em><em> longitudinal dispersion improves shielding, while transversal dispersion increases the fingers spreading and splitting. In addition, it has been revealed that splitting, before and after breakthrough, as well as spreading in regions near fractures is directly proportional to the fracture scattering, fracture discontinuity and fracture density of the medium. Also, it has been found that shielding phenomena is mostly affected by fracture orientation which its maximum occurrence is for the case of zero degree to average flow path. The results of this work can be helpful to better understanding of viscous fingering behaviour, which is crucial for accurate prediction of oil recovery, in fractured reservoirs during miscible displacements.</em><em>Finger initiation/developementat fluid-fluid interface during miscible floods can cause poor displacement efficiency, which is undesirable in enhanced oil recovery processes. In this work a series of hydrocarbon injection experiments performed on 5-spot glass micromodels which were initially saturated with the heavy crude oil. The fractured micromodels with different fracture geometrical characteristics used in the tests. </em><em>High quality image analysis applied to determine the fluid flow behaviour, solvent front movement and viscous fingering associated with solvent movement in matrix and fractures. Observations showed that higher solvent dispersion in the fractures rather than matrix in both longitudinal and transversal directions cause the finger behaviour to be affected by the fracture geometrical characteristics. </em><em>It also diminishes and merges the fingers to a unit solvent front by increasing spreading in regions near fractures. </em><em>Due to the heterogeneity induced by fractures in media finger tip splitting initiates before solvent breakthrough. </em><em>In fact</em><em> longitudinal dispersion improves shielding, while transversal dispersion increases the fingers spreading and splitting. In addition, it has been revealed that splitting, before and after breakthrough, as well as spreading in regions near fractures is directly proportional to the fracture scattering, fracture discontinuity and fracture density of the medium. Also, it has been found that shielding phenomena is mostly affected by fracture orientation which its maximum occurrence is for the case of zero degree to average flow path. The results of this work can be helpful to better understanding of viscous fingering behaviour, which is crucial for accurate prediction of oil recovery, in fractured reservoirs during miscible displacements.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Chemical Structure Elucidation of Populus deltoides MWL and EL LigninsChemical Structure Elucidation of Populus deltoides MWL and EL Lignins67827454FAAhmad MirshokraeieDepartment of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I.R. IRANAli AbdulkhaniDepartment of Wood and Paper, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. IRANYahya HamzehDepartment of Wood and Paper, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. IRANAli Naghi KarimiDepartment of Wood and Paper, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. IRANJournal Article20110120<em>The structure of Enzymatic Lignin (EL) was elucidated and compared to conventional Milled Wood Lignin (MWL). The method was based on the hydrolysis and solubilization of wood xylan and cellulose using combination of xylanase, cellulase and glycosidase, followed by lignin purification using alkaline protease and extraction of lignin with dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The chemical structure of Enzymatic Lignin (EL) was elucidated and compared to conventional Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) using wet chemical analysis, FTIR and Quantative <sup>13</sup>C NMR, GC/MS and degradative techniques. The results indicate the less degradation during EL degradation compared to MWL. Comparing to conventional enzymatic extraction procedures, using an enzymatic sequence with reduced milling time can ensure a relatively pure lignin with small structural changes.</em><em> Analytical results showed that Popolus deltoides wood has a more 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxy phenol units (guayacil lignin) regarding to 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2,6-dimethoxy phenol units (syringyl moieties)</em><em>. </em><em>The residual lignin is mainly composed of condensed structures which often are complexed with carbohydrates. Also, the enzymatic lignin structural analysis through GPC and GC revealed the less condensation structure regarding to MWL which is due to less degradation during isolation process.</em><em>The structure of Enzymatic Lignin (EL) was elucidated and compared to conventional Milled Wood Lignin (MWL). The method was based on the hydrolysis and solubilization of wood xylan and cellulose using combination of xylanase, cellulase and glycosidase, followed by lignin purification using alkaline protease and extraction of lignin with dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The chemical structure of Enzymatic Lignin (EL) was elucidated and compared to conventional Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) using wet chemical analysis, FTIR and Quantative <sup>13</sup>C NMR, GC/MS and degradative techniques. The results indicate the less degradation during EL degradation compared to MWL. Comparing to conventional enzymatic extraction procedures, using an enzymatic sequence with reduced milling time can ensure a relatively pure lignin with small structural changes.</em><em> Analytical results showed that Popolus deltoides wood has a more 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxy phenol units (guayacil lignin) regarding to 4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2,6-dimethoxy phenol units (syringyl moieties)</em><em>. </em><em>The residual lignin is mainly composed of condensed structures which often are complexed with carbohydrates. Also, the enzymatic lignin structural analysis through GPC and GC revealed the less condensation structure regarding to MWL which is due to less degradation during isolation process.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Investigation on the Potencial of Colza Stem in Paper ProductionInvestigation on the Potencial of Colza Stem in Paper Production83957457FAReza HosseinpourDepartment of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch,
Islamic Azad Universty, Tehran,, I.R. IRANAhmad Jahan-LatibariDepartment of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Karaj, I.R. IRANAjang TajdiniDepartment of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Karaj, I.R. IRANSayed Mohammad Javad SepidehdamDepartment of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Karaj, I.R. IRANMohammad Ali HosseinDepartment of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Karaj, I.R. IRANJournal Article20100315<em>This study was concentrated to investigate the influence of chemical treatment time and temperature on production of chemi-mechanical pulp from Colza stem. Three treatment times (15, 30 and 45 minutes) and two treatment temperatures (125 and 145 °C) were investigated. Chemical charge as 4% NaOH and 8% Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> as well as L/W equal to 7/1 was kept constant and high pressure cooking vessel was used. Accepted pulp yield varied between 53.8% (severe pulping) and 63% (mild pulping) and the total yield for these pulping conditions was measured between 57.6% and 68.9%. The residual lignin in low yield pulp was measured as 19% and higher yield pulp was 20.4%. Holocellulose content of pulps varied between 72.5%- 74% and freeness was between 520-590 ml CSF. Fiber quality analysis using Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA) showed that average fiber length of pulps are between 0.54-0.65 mm, fine content is high and fiber coarseness is between 0.21-0.41 mg/m. Even though the pulp freeness was reduced from original value to about 300 mL CSF as pulps were refined in PFI mill applying 500 revolutions, but the fiber quality did not change. Measurement of fiber classification using Bauer-McNett procedure revealed similar results to FQA. Brightness was measured between 31.86- 43.38%, opacity above 99% and transparency between 4.86- 7.16%, which did not change as the pulps were refined. Strength properties of paper from these pulps before and after refining were also measured. The unrefined strength including tensile index, burst index and tear index were measured as 15.48- 26.13 N.m/g, lower than 1 kPa.m<sup>2</sup>/g and 2.91- 4.34mNm<sup>2</sup>/g respectively. These indices after treatment in PFI mill (500 revolutions) were raised to 19.74-35.19 N.m/g, 1.70 kPa.m<sup>2</sup>/g and 3.21- 4.68 mNm<sup>2</sup>/g respectively.</em> <em>This study was concentrated to investigate the influence of chemical treatment time and temperature on production of chemi-mechanical pulp from Colza stem. Three treatment times (15, 30 and 45 minutes) and two treatment temperatures (125 and 145 °C) were investigated. Chemical charge as 4% NaOH and 8% Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> as well as L/W equal to 7/1 was kept constant and high pressure cooking vessel was used. Accepted pulp yield varied between 53.8% (severe pulping) and 63% (mild pulping) and the total yield for these pulping conditions was measured between 57.6% and 68.9%. The residual lignin in low yield pulp was measured as 19% and higher yield pulp was 20.4%. Holocellulose content of pulps varied between 72.5%- 74% and freeness was between 520-590 ml CSF. Fiber quality analysis using Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA) showed that average fiber length of pulps are between 0.54-0.65 mm, fine content is high and fiber coarseness is between 0.21-0.41 mg/m. Even though the pulp freeness was reduced from original value to about 300 mL CSF as pulps were refined in PFI mill applying 500 revolutions, but the fiber quality did not change. Measurement of fiber classification using Bauer-McNett procedure revealed similar results to FQA. Brightness was measured between 31.86- 43.38%, opacity above 99% and transparency between 4.86- 7.16%, which did not change as the pulps were refined. Strength properties of paper from these pulps before and after refining were also measured. The unrefined strength including tensile index, burst index and tear index were measured as 15.48- 26.13 N.m/g, lower than 1 kPa.m<sup>2</sup>/g and 2.91- 4.34mNm<sup>2</sup>/g respectively. These indices after treatment in PFI mill (500 revolutions) were raised to 19.74-35.19 N.m/g, 1.70 kPa.m<sup>2</sup>/g and 3.21- 4.68 mNm<sup>2</sup>/g respectively.</em> Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Synthesis of Sulfathiazole at Mild ConditionsSynthesis of Sulfathiazole at Mild Conditions971037462FAMohammad Hadi GhasemiApplied Chemistry Research Group, ACECR-University of Tehran Branch,
P.O. Box 13145-186 Tehran, I.R. IRANSakineh MeftahApplied Chemistry Research Group, ACECR-University of Tehran Branch,
P.O. Box 13145-186 Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20100512<em>Sulfathiazole, a sulfa drug with molecular formula C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>, known as antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical industries and used for treatment of bacterial infections in human beings and veterinary in wide range. Many synthetic methods for synthesis of sulfathiazole are reported, but these reactions involves use of expensive and toxic solvents with low yields. Herein, we use different solvents to make sulfonamide group in sulfathiazole synthesis method. Among them the best results obtained in 2-Picoline as an efficient, inexpensive, and economically viable solvent with good yields.</em> <em>Sulfathiazole, a sulfa drug with molecular formula C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>, known as antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical industries and used for treatment of bacterial infections in human beings and veterinary in wide range. Many synthetic methods for synthesis of sulfathiazole are reported, but these reactions involves use of expensive and toxic solvents with low yields. Herein, we use different solvents to make sulfonamide group in sulfathiazole synthesis method. Among them the best results obtained in 2-Picoline as an efficient, inexpensive, and economically viable solvent with good yields.</em> Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121The Effect of Molecular Weight of Resin on Cure Kinetics of Epoxy/ DiaminodiphenylmethaneThe Effect of Molecular Weight of Resin on Cure Kinetics of Epoxy/ Diaminodiphenylmethane1051117464FAFatemeh FerdosianPolymer Engineering and Color Technology Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology,
P.O. Box 15875-654 Tehran, I.R. IRANMorteza EbrabimiPolymer Engineering and Color Technology Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology,
P.O. Box 15875-654 Tehran, I.R. IRANAli JannesariDepartment of Surface Coatings and Corrosion, Institute for Color Science and Technology,
P.O. Box 16765-654 Tehran, I.R. IRANShadi MontazeriDepartment of Surface Coatings and Corrosion, Institute for Color Science and Technology,
P.O. Box 16765-654 Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20100814<em>Epoxy resins are among the most versatile thermosetting systems, because of their outstanding properties and wide range applications. In thermosetting systems, the kinetic characterization usually required to understand structure-property-processing relationships for the material manufacturing and utilization. The curing behavior and kinetics of liquid epoxy resin with diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent was studied by many researchers. But there is no any report on the kinetics of solid epoxy systems. Therefore, in this work t</em><em>he curing kinetics of epoxy resins with various molecular weights (i.e. 380 and 1400 g mol<sup>-1</sup>) was elucidated by non-isothermal Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The experimental results have been investigated by model free kinetics. The results showed that the activation energy of liquid epoxy/DDM was in the range of 48±2 kJ/mol and might be considered to be constant during the curing. But the activation energy of the solid epoxy system increased steadily with the conversion, especially in the later stages (α > 0.6).</em> <em> </em><em>Epoxy resins are among the most versatile thermosetting systems, because of their outstanding properties and wide range applications. In thermosetting systems, the kinetic characterization usually required to understand structure-property-processing relationships for the material manufacturing and utilization. The curing behavior and kinetics of liquid epoxy resin with diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent was studied by many researchers. But there is no any report on the kinetics of solid epoxy systems. Therefore, in this work t</em><em>he curing kinetics of epoxy resins with various molecular weights (i.e. 380 and 1400 g mol<sup>-1</sup>) was elucidated by non-isothermal Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The experimental results have been investigated by model free kinetics. The results showed that the activation energy of liquid epoxy/DDM was in the range of 48±2 kJ/mol and might be considered to be constant during the curing. But the activation energy of the solid epoxy system increased steadily with the conversion, especially in the later stages (α > 0.6).</em> <em> </em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Recovery of Bischofite from Salt Lake Brine by Ion FlotationRecovery of Bischofite from Salt Lake Brine by Ion Flotation1131207465FAAli Reza Javadi NooshabadiDepartment of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R. IRANAli Akbar Abdullah ZadehDepartment of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R. IRANJournal Article20100819<em>Bischofite is a hydrous magnesium chloride mineral with formula MgCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O. Specific gravity of bischofite is 1.56 g</em><em>/</em><em>cm<sup>3</sup> centimeter, and molecular weight of bischofite is 203.31.</em><em>Magnesium chloride has too applications in industrial and agricultural. The aim of this study is recovery of Bischofite from Salt Lake brine.</em><em>There are various methods for extraction of Bischofite such as solar evaporation methods and ion exchange, but in this study has been used a new method and innovative for extraction Bischofite. This method is ion flotation that was used sodium oleate as collector for recovery of magnesium chloride from Salt Lake brine. For this purpose, first, were identified the parameters affecting this process and were performed more tests related to the effects of these parameters. In this study, was produced Bischofite with purity 98% and recovery 78% from brine Salt Lake. Physico-chemical properties of the final product are determined using XRD, complexometry, ICP and gravimetry.</em><em>Bischofite is a hydrous magnesium chloride mineral with formula MgCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O. Specific gravity of bischofite is 1.56 g</em><em>/</em><em>cm<sup>3</sup> centimeter, and molecular weight of bischofite is 203.31.</em><em>Magnesium chloride has too applications in industrial and agricultural. The aim of this study is recovery of Bischofite from Salt Lake brine.</em><em>There are various methods for extraction of Bischofite such as solar evaporation methods and ion exchange, but in this study has been used a new method and innovative for extraction Bischofite. This method is ion flotation that was used sodium oleate as collector for recovery of magnesium chloride from Salt Lake brine. For this purpose, first, were identified the parameters affecting this process and were performed more tests related to the effects of these parameters. In this study, was produced Bischofite with purity 98% and recovery 78% from brine Salt Lake. Physico-chemical properties of the final product are determined using XRD, complexometry, ICP and gravimetry.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Experimental Study of the Ohmic Heating Process in Two-Phase Biosolid-Liquid SystemsExperimental Study of the Ohmic Heating Process in Two-Phase Biosolid-Liquid Systems1211327476FAMostafa Keshavarz MoravejiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, I.R. IRANEmad GhaderiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, I.R. IRANJournal Article20100216<em>Ohmic heating as a novel heating method in biological, food and pharmaceutical industries especially in sterilization process was known. In this research, the Ohmic heating and effective parameters influences experimentally investigated. For investigation the Ohmic heating behavior, Hydrocolloid solutions in Ohmic cell in some stage have been used. First, electrical conductivity of hydrocolloid solution with 4, 5.5 and 6.33% concentration was studied and determined that reported that temperature increasing resulted increasing the electrical conductivity linearity. </em><em>With increasing the dispersed concentration, electrical conductivity increased. In order to study the effect of salinity on the electrical conductivity, sodium chloride (0.25-1% concentration) was added and results showed that addition of salts, increases efficiency the electrical conductivity. In order to study the effect of electrolyte content on temperature-time profile and heating rates citric acid was added. Addition of salt into the solution has efficient effect on the temperature-time profile, that in solution with 3.3% concentration and 1% salinity reached 70 °C just after 253 s that records shorter time for increasing the temperature from 20 to 80 <sup>o</sup>C and highest electrical conductivity. The effect of electrolyte (acid) on temperature-time profile in comparison with salt is not considerable. With measuring the solution temperature with thermocouples in the cell, uniformity of heating throughout the solutions was studied. From experimental result, it can be resulted that Ohmic heating rate dependent to electrical field distribution and heating uniformity is dependent to current concentration and system geometry.</em><em>Ohmic heating as a novel heating method in biological, food and pharmaceutical industries especially in sterilization process was known. In this research, the Ohmic heating and effective parameters influences experimentally investigated. For investigation the Ohmic heating behavior, Hydrocolloid solutions in Ohmic cell in some stage have been used. First, electrical conductivity of hydrocolloid solution with 4, 5.5 and 6.33% concentration was studied and determined that reported that temperature increasing resulted increasing the electrical conductivity linearity. </em><em>With increasing the dispersed concentration, electrical conductivity increased. In order to study the effect of salinity on the electrical conductivity, sodium chloride (0.25-1% concentration) was added and results showed that addition of salts, increases efficiency the electrical conductivity. In order to study the effect of electrolyte content on temperature-time profile and heating rates citric acid was added. Addition of salt into the solution has efficient effect on the temperature-time profile, that in solution with 3.3% concentration and 1% salinity reached 70 °C just after 253 s that records shorter time for increasing the temperature from 20 to 80 <sup>o</sup>C and highest electrical conductivity. The effect of electrolyte (acid) on temperature-time profile in comparison with salt is not considerable. With measuring the solution temperature with thermocouples in the cell, uniformity of heating throughout the solutions was studied. From experimental result, it can be resulted that Ohmic heating rate dependent to electrical field distribution and heating uniformity is dependent to current concentration and system geometry.</em>Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI)-ACECRNashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran1022-776830420120121Evaluation of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus , Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas for Deemulsification of Water-Oil EmulsionsEvaluation of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus , Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas for Deemulsification of Water-Oil Emulsions1331397477FAVahid Reza GhadirianBiotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRANSayed Abbas ShojaosadatiBiotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRANSameereh Hashemi-NajafabadiBiotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114 Tehran, I.R. IRANJournal Article20070630<em>Generation of water - oil emulsion is one of the major problems associated with the petroleum industry</em><em>. </em><em>In recent years, biological methods have attracted great interest in separation of water – oil emulsions. At present study, three bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas have been utilized for phase separation of oilfield emulsion. Supernatant of these bacteria exhibited high de-emulsification activity with %95, %90 and %86 de-emulsification of an oil-in-water emulsion within 144 h respectively. Biomass of these three bacteria could separate %76، %70 and %65 of emulsion within 144 h respectively. Then BATH method has been set for determining the relative hydrophobicity of bacteria. According to this test, Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas have hydrophobicity of 0.7, 0.3 and 0.17. The above tests show that Bacillus subtillis is a better microorganism for separation of oil – water emulsions.</em> <em>Generation of water - oil emulsion is one of the major problems associated with the petroleum industry</em><em>. </em><em>In recent years, biological methods have attracted great interest in separation of water – oil emulsions. At present study, three bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas have been utilized for phase separation of oilfield emulsion. Supernatant of these bacteria exhibited high de-emulsification activity with %95, %90 and %86 de-emulsification of an oil-in-water emulsion within 144 h respectively. Biomass of these three bacteria could separate %76، %70 and %65 of emulsion within 144 h respectively. Then BATH method has been set for determining the relative hydrophobicity of bacteria. According to this test, Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas have hydrophobicity of 0.7, 0.3 and 0.17. The above tests show that Bacillus subtillis is a better microorganism for separation of oil – water emulsions.</em>