Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Comparison of Two-Dimensional Graphene Oxide Synthesis Methods and Biological Activity Evaluation

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Soolmaz Soleimani 1
Morteza Yousefzadi 1, 2
Arash Ghaderi 3
1 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, I.R. IRAN
2 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Qom University, Qom, I.R. IRAN
3 Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, I.R. IRAN
Abstract
Graphene Oxide (GO) 2D (two-dimensional) material, comprised of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms and has properties and applications in various fields such as medical, environmental, and other industries. The present study aims to synthesize GO using four different methods and characterize them by FT-IR, CHN, XRD, Raman, SEM, and EDS techniques. Finally, evaluated their antibacterial activities of them. For this purpose to synthesize GO, four methods of modified Marcano (KMnO4, H2SO4/H3PO4), Hummers methods (KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4), modified Hummers (KMnO4, H2SO4) and the Brodie method (KMnO4, H2SO4, HNO3) were compared. As well as, the antibacterial activities of all four methods were evaluated for gram-positive (S. aureus and M. luteus) and gram-negative (E. coli and V. harveyi) bacteria by disk diffusion method. The results of this research showed that Marcano’s method excluding the NaNO3, increasing the amount of KMnO4, and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 improves the efficiency of the oxidation process. Marcano’s method provides a greater amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers’ method or two methods with additional KMnO4. The average size of the synthesis of GO with Marcano’s method was estimated by the Debye-Scherrer equation as around 19.7 nm. The results of this research showed that synthesized GO with four different methods did not have any antibacterial activities.
Keywords
Graphite
Graphene oxide
Nanostructure
Nanoribbon
Antibacterial activity

Subjects

[1] Hua D., Rai R.K., Zhang Y., Chung T.S., Aldehyde Functionalized Graphene Oxide Frameworks as Robust Membrane Materials for Pervaporative Alcohol Dehydration. Chemical Engineering Science, 161: 341-349 (2017).  
[2] Li F., Jiang X., Zhao J., Zhang S., Graphene Oxide: A Promising Nanomaterial for Energy and Environmental Applications. Nano Energy, 16: 488-515 (2015).
[3] Zhao J., Liu L., Li F., “Graphene Oxide: Physics and Applications”, Vol. 1, Springer. (2015).
[4] Srinivas G., Burress J. W., Ford J., Yildirim T., Porous Graphene Oxide Frameworks: Synthesis and Gas Sorption Properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21: 11323-11329 (2011).
[5] Novoselov K.S., Geim A. K., Morozov S. V., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Dubonos S.V., Firsov A.A., Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 306: 666-669 (2004).
[6] Brodie B. C . XIII., On the Atomic Weight of Graphite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 149: 249-259 (1859).
[7] Staudenmaier L., Verfahren Zur Darstellung Der Graphitsäure. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 31: 1481–1487 (1898).
[8] Hummers Jr W.S., Offeman R.E., Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80: 1339-1339 (1958).
[9] Marcano D.C., Kosynkin D.V., Berlin J.M., Sinitskii A., Sun Z., Slesarev A., Tour J.M., Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano, 4: 4806-4814 (2010).
[10] Lee X.J., Hiew B.Y. Z., Lai K. C., Lee L.Y., Gan S., Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S., Rigby S., Review on Graphene and its Derivatives: Synthesis Methods and Potential Industrial Implementation. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 98: 163-180 (2019).
[11] Akhavan O., Graphene Nanomesh by ZnO Nanorod Photocatalysts. ACS Nano, 4: 4174-4180 (2010).
[12] Sreeprasad T., Maliyekkal M.S., Deepti K., Chaudhari K., Xavier P.L., Pradeep T., Transparent, Luminescent, Antibacterial and Patternable Film Forming Composites of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 3(7): 2643-2654 (2011).
[13] Tu X., Luo S., Chen G., Li J., One‐Pot Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of a BiOBr–Graphene Composite. Chemistry - A European Journal, 18: 14359-14366 (2012).
[14] Veisi H., Kavian M., Hekmati M., Hemmati S., Biosynthesis of the Silver Nanoparticles on the Graphene Oxide’s Surface using Pistacia Atlantica Leaves Extract and its Antibacterial Activity Against some Human Pathogens. Polyhedron, 161: 338-345 (2019).
[15] Sun X., Liu Z., Welsher K., Robinson J.T., Goodwin A., Zaric S., Dai H., Nano-Graphene Oxide for Cellular Imaging and Drug Delivery. Nano Research, 1: 203-212 (2008).
[16] Khanam P.N., Hasan A., Biosynthesis and Characterization of Graphene by using Non-Toxic Reducing Agent from Allium Cepa Extract: Anti-Bacterial Properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 126: 151-158 (2019).
[17] Gao C., Yu X-Y., Xu R-X., Liu J-H., Huang X-J., AlOOH-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and their Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Heavy Metal Ions. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 4: 4672-4682 (2012).
[18] Li Y., Yang D., Cui J., Graphene Oxide Loaded with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles as An Antibacterial Agent Against Pseudomonas Syringae Pv. Tomato. RSC Advances, 7: 38853-388 (2017).
[19] Higginbotham A.L., Kosynkin D.V., Sinitskii A., Sun Z., Tour J.M., Lower-Defect Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Nano, 4: 2059-2069 (2010).
[20] Ruiz O.N., Fernando K.S., Wang B., Brown N.A., Luo P. G., McNamara N. D., Bunker C. E., Graphene Oxide: A Nonspecific Enhancer of Cellular Growth. ACS Nano, 5: 8100-8107 (2011).