Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Synthesis and Characterization of Lead (II) Ion-Imprinted Nanopolymer Using Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid Ligand and Evaluation of its Performance in Lead Ions Extraction

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Arefe Alijan
Sayed Reza Hosseini-Zavvarmahalleh
Shahram Ghasemi-mir
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, I.R.IRAN
Abstract
Ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) are synthetic materials that possess specific recognition sites for target ions. These sites are compatible with the target ions in terms of shape, size, and functional groups, and they can be effectively used as solid-phase materials for the extraction and preconcentration of ions from complex matrices. In this study, a lead ion-imprinted nanopolymer (Pb-IIP) was synthesized through radical polymerization using 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid as the ligand, acetonitrile as the solvent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator, and lead ions (Pb²⁺) as the template. The removal of lead ions from the polymer matrix was carried out using 2 M hydrochloric acid as the eluent, leaving behind cavities that match the shape and size of Pb²⁺ ions and thus enable their selective sorption. The synthesized structure was characterized using FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and TGA techniques. The results showed that the polymer consisted of spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 20 nm and pores smaller than 2 nm in diameter. The specific surface area of the sample was reported to be 112 m²/g. The concentration of lead ions was measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The optimal conditions for maximum recovery (approximately 90%) were obtained at pH = 6, with sorption and desorption times of 15 and 25 min., respectively.
Keywords
Nanostructured ion-imprinted polymer
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
Template ion
Micropore
Structural characterization
Subjects
[1] Giller K.E., Witter E., Mcgrath, S.P., Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microorganisms and Microbial Processes in Agricultural Soils: A Review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30(10-11): 1389-1414 (1998).
[2] Renberg I., Brännvall M.L., Bindler R., Emtery O., Stable Lead Isotopes and Lake Sediments—a Useful Combination for the Study of Atmospheric Lead Pollution History. Science of the Total Environment, 292(1-2): 45-54 (2002).
[3] Boulyga S.F., Becker J.S., ICP–MS with Hexapole Collision Cell for Isotope Ratio Measurements of Ca, Fe, and Se. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 370(5): 618-623 (2001).
[4] Zhang N., Peng H., Wang S., Hu B., Fast and Selective Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Trace Cd, Mn and Pb in Environmental and Biological Samples and Their Determination by ICP-MS. Microchimica Acta, 175(1): 121-128 (2011).
[5] Behbahani M., Abandansari H.S., Salarian M., Babapour M., Bagheri A., Nabid M.R. Synthesis and Application of a Thermosensitive Tri-Block Copolymer as an Efficient Sample Treatment Technique for Preconcentration and Ultra-Trace Detection of Lead Ions. Microchimica Acta, 181(1): 129-137 (2014).
[6] Huang H.J., Ramaswamy S., Tschirner U.W., Ramarao B.V., A Review of Separation Technologies in Current and Future Biorefineries. Separation and purification technology, 62(1): 1-21 (2008).
[7] Fang G.Z., Tan J., Yan X.P., An Ion-Imprinted Functionalized Silica Gel Sorbent Prepared by a Surface Imprinting Technique Combined with a Sol-Gel Process for Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of Cadmium (II). Analytical Chemistry, 77(6): 1734-1739 (2005).
[8] Khajeh M., Heidari Z.S., Sanchooli E., Synthesis, Characterization and Removal of Lead from Water Samples Using Lead-Ion Imprinted Polymer. Chemical engineering journal, 166(3): 1158-1163 (2011).
[9] Du M., Xu Z., Xue Y., Li F., Bi J., Liu J., Yuan J., Application Prospect of Ion-Imprinted Polymers in Harmless Treatment of Heavy Metal Wastewater. Molecules, 29(13): 3160 (2024).
[10] Zhu N., Liu X., Peng K., Cao H., Yuan M., Ye T., Xu F., A Novel Aptamer-Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Lead in Aquatic Products. Molecules, 28(1): 196 (2022).
[11] Attia G., Mazouz Z., Tlili A., Zerrouki C., Othmane A., Kalfat R., Fourati N., Theoretical and Experimental Studies to Design an Ion-Imprinted Polypyrrole Polymer for Selective Detection of Pb (II) Heavy Ions. Chemistry Africa, 7(5): 2845-2855 (2024).
[12] Omidvar-Motlagh M., Es’ haghi Z., Magnetic Porous Ion Imprinted Polymer Based on Surface Polymerization and Nano-ZnO as Sacrificial Support for Selective Extraction and Determination of Pb (II) in Water Samples and Cosmetics. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235(3): 211 (2024).
[13] Kala R., Biju V.M., Rao T.P., Synthesis, Characterization, and Analytical Applications of Erbium (III) Ion Imprinted Polymer Particles Prepared Via γ-Irradiation with Different Functional and Crosslinking Monomers. Analytica chimica acta, 549(1-2): 51-58 (2005).
[14] Shamsipur M., Fasihi J., Ashtari K., Grafting of Ion-Imprinted Polymers on the Surface of Silica Gel Particles Through Covalently Surface-Bound Initiators: A Selective Sorbent for Uranyl Ion. Analytical Chemistry, 79(18): 7116-7123 (2007).
[15] Metilda P., Gladis J.M., Rao T.P., Influence of Binary/Ternary Complex of Imprint ion on the Preconcentration of Uranium (VI) Using Ion Imprinted Polymer Materials. Analytica chimica acta, 512(1): 63-73 (2004).
[16] Shamsipur M., Fasihi J., Khanchi A., Hassani R., Alizadeh K., Shamsipur H., A Stoichiometric Imprinted Chelating Resin for Selective Recognition of Copper (II) Ions in Aqueous Media. Analytica chimica acta, 599(2): 294-301 (2007).
[17] Daniel S., Rao P.P., Rao T.P., Investigation of Different Polymerization Methods on the Analytical Performance of Palladium (II) Ion Imprinted Polymer Materials. Analytica chimica acta, 536(1-2): 197-206 (2005).
[18] Araki K., Maruyama T., Kamiya N., Goto M., Metal Ion-Selective Membrane Prepared by Surface Molecular Imprinting. Journal of Chromatography B, 818(2): 141-145 (2005).
[19] Rao T.P., Daniel S., Gladis J.M., Tailored Materials for Preconcentration or Separation of Metals by Ion-Imprinted Polymers for Solid-Phase Extraction (IIP-SPE). TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(1): 28-35 (2004).
[20] Biju V.M., Gladis J.M., Rao T.P., Ion Imprinted Polymer Particles: Synthesis, Characterization and Dysprosium Ion Uptake Properties Suitable for Analytical Applications. Analytica Chimica Acta, 478(1): 43-51 (2003).
[21] Behbahani M., Bagheri A., Taghizadeh M., Salarian M., Sadeghi O., Adlnasab L., Jalali K., Synthesis and Characterisation of Nano Structure Lead (II) Ion-Imprinted Polymer as a New Sorbent for Selective Extraction and Preconcentration of Ultra Trace Amounts of Lead Ions from Vegetables, Rice, and Fish Samples. Food chemistry, 138(2-3): 2050-2056 (2013).
[22] Guo B., Deng F., Zhao Y., Luo X., Luo S., Au C., Magnetic Ion-Imprinted and–SH Functionalized Polymer for Selective Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Samples. Applied surface science, 292: 438-446 (2014).
[23] Zhang M., Zhang Z., Liu Y., Yang X., Luo L., Chen J., Yao S., Preparation of Core–Shell Magnetic Ion-Imprinted Polymer for Selective Extraction of Pb (II) from Environmental Samples. Chemical Engineering Journal, 178: 443-450 (2011).
[24] Sayar O., Torbati N.A., Saravani H., Mehrani K., Behbahani A., Zadeh H.R.M., A Novel Magnetic Ion Imprinted Polymer for Selective Adsorption of Trace Amounts of Lead (II) Ions in Environment Samples. Journal of Industrial and Engineering chemistry, 20(5): 2657-2662 (2014).
[25] Aboufazeli F., Zhad H.R.L.Z., Sadeghi O., Karimi M., Najafi E., Novel Ion Imprinted Polymer Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nano-Particles for Selective Separation and Determination of Lead Ions in Food Samples. Food Chemistry, 141(4): 3459-3465 (2013).
[26] Crundwell F.K., Moats M.S., Ramachandra R.A., Davenport W.G., Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, (5th ed.). Elsevier. (2011).
[27] Raghavan R., Mohanan P.K., Swarnkar S.R., Hydrometallurgical Processing of Lead-Bearing Materials for the Recovery of Lead and Silver as Lead Concentrate and Lead Metal. Hydrometallurgy, 58(2): 103-116 (2000).
[28] Gupta C.K., Mukherjee T.K., Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes, Volume II. CRC press. (2017). 
[29] Gedde U.W., Hedenqvist M.S., Hakkarainen M., Nilsson F., Das O., Thermal Analysis of Polymers. In Applied Polymer Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1-60 (2021).
[30] Lazar M.M., Ghiorghita C.A., Dragan E.S., Humelnicu, D., Dinu M.V., Ion-Imprinted Polymeric Materials for Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution. Molecules, 28(6): 2798 (2023).