Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Removal of Nickel, Chromium, and Lead from Crude Oil Contaminated Soils Using Saponin Biosurfactant

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Amir Hossein Dolatzadeh 1
Reza Hajimohammadi 1
Hossein Amani 2
Hadi Soltani 1
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, I.R. IRAN
2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, I.R. IRAN
Abstract
Heavy crude oil contaminated soil, in addition to affecting the lives of plants and animals, also endangers aquatic life. These metals are in the process of extraction of crude oil into the soil and thus have destructive effects on the environment itself. In this research, the removal of heavy metals lead, nickel, and chromium from crude oil contaminated soil using saponin biosurfactant was investigated. The results showed that by increasing the concentration of saponin, the percentage of removal of metals increased. So in the concentration of 3 g/l of saponin, the removal efficiency of nickel, chromium, and lead was 73%, 58%, and 43%, respectively. Also, increasing pH to 10 and temperature to 75 °C had a negative effect on the removal efficiency of metals. The results also showed that optimum conditions for removal of nickel, chromium, and lead metals were at a temperature of 25°C, pH equal to 4, and saponin biosurfactant concentration of 3g/l. Compared to the SDS chemical surfactant, in optimal conditions and in the large mesh (850 µm), the saponin yield was higher than SDS in Ni and Cr. Therefore, according to the results of this study, biological surfactants can be used instead of chemical surfactants from an environmental point of view. 
Keywords
Soil contamination
Biological remove
Saponin
Heavy metals
Crude oil

Subjects

[1] Smolders  E., Oorts  K., Van Sprang  P., Schoeters  I., Janssen C.R., McGrath S.P., McLaughlin, M.J., Toxicity of Trace Metals in Soil as Affected By Soil Type and Aging after Contamination: Using Calibrated Bioavailability Models to Set Ecological Soil Standards, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 28(8): 1633-1642 (2009).
[2] Comte I., Davidson R., Lucotte  M., de Carvalho  C.J.R., de Assis Oliveira F., da Silva  B.P., Rousseau G.X, Physicochemical Properties of soils in the Brazilian Amazon Following Fire-Free Land Preparation and Slash-and-Burn Practices,  Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 156:108- 115 (2012).
[3] Jien S.H., Wang C.S., Effects of Biochar on Soil Properties and Erosion Potential in a Highly Weathered Soil, Catena, 110: 225-233 (2013).
[4] Oomen A.G., Rompelberg C.J.M., Van de Kamp E., Pereboom, DPKH., De Zwart  L.L., Sips A.J.A.M, Effect of Bile Type on the Bioaccessibility of Soil Contaminants in an in Vitro Digestion Model, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 46(2): 183-188 (2004).
[5] Abramov O.V., Abramov V.O., Myasnikov S.K. Mullakaev M.S, Extraction of Bitumen, Crude Oil and its Products from Tar Sand and Contaminated Sandy Soil under Effect of Ultrasound, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16(3): 408-416 (2009).
[6] Pannu J.K., Singh A., Ward O.P., Vegetable Oil as a Contaminated Soil Remediation Amendment: Application of Peanut Oil for Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil, Process biochemistry, 39(10): 1211-1216 (2004).
[7] Khan S., Cao Q., Zheng Y.M., Huang Y.Z., Zhu Y.G., Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils and Food Crops Irrigated with Wastewater in Beijing, China, Environmental Pollution, 152(3):686-692(2008).
[8] Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E., Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation, Isrn Ecology, 1: 23-34 (2011).
[9] Tang J., He J., Liu T., Xin X., Removal of Heavy Metals with Sequential Sludge Washing Techniques Using Saponin: Optimization Conditions, Kinetics, Removal Effectiveness, Binding Intensity, Mobility and Mechanism, RSC Advances, 7(53): 33385-33401 (2017).
[10] Singh A.K., Cameotra S.S., Efficiency of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants in Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(10): 7367-7376 (2013).
[11] Luo C., Shen Z., Li X., Enhanced phytoextraction of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd with EDTA and EDDS, Chemosphere, 59(1):1-11(2005).
[12] Meunier N., Drogui  P., Montané C., Hausler  R., Mercier  G., Blais  J.F., Comparison Between Electrocoagulation and Chemical Precipitation for Metals Removal from Acidic Soil Leachate, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(1): 581-590(2006).
[13] Maity J.P., Huang Y.M., Fan C.W., Chen C.C., Li C.Y., Hsu C.M., Chang Y.F., Wu C.I., Chen C.Y., Jean J.S., Evaluation of Remediation Process with Soapberry Derived Saponin for Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils in Hai-Pu, Taiwan, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(6): 1180-1185 (2013).
[14] Franzetti A., Gandolfi I., Fracchia L., Van Hamme J., Gkorezis P., Marchant R., Banat I.M., Biosurfactant Use in Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Effluents and Contaminated Sites. Biosurfactants: Production and Utilization—Processes, Technologies, and Economics, 3;159:361 (2014).
[15] Liu S., Cui M., Liu Z., Song F., Mo W., Structural Analysis of Saponins from Medicinal Herbs Using Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 15(2): 133-141 (2004).
[16] Reichert C.L., Salminen H., Weiss J., Quillaja Saponin Characteristics and Functional Properties. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 25: 10 (2019).
[17] Shah A., Niaz A., Ullah N., Rehman A., Akhlaq M., Zakir M., Suleman Khan M., Comparative Study of Heavy Metals in Soil and Selected Medicinal Plants, Journal of Chemistry. 18; 2013 (2013).
[18] Maity J.P., Huang Y.M., Hsu C.M., Wu C.I., Chen C.C., Li C.Y., Jean J.S., Chang Y.F., Chen C.Y., Removal of Cu, Pb and Zn by foam Fractionation and a Soil Washing Process from Contaminated Industrial Soils Using Soapberry-Derived Saponin: a Comparative Effectiveness Assessment, Chemosphere, 92(10):1286-1293 (2013).
[19] Faustino C.M., Serafim C.S., Ferreira I.N., Branco M.A., Calado A.R., Garcia-Rio L., Mixed Micelle Formation Between an Amino Acid-Based Anionic Gemini Surfactant and Bile Salts, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. ,10;53(24): 10112-10118 (2014).