مروری بر مدل سازی و بهینه سازی واحد شکست کاتالیستی بستر سیال

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده فنی فومن، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه پژوهش، توسعه و کنترل فرایندها، پژوهشگاه صنعت نفت، تهران، ایران

چکیده

فرایند شکست کاتالیستی بستر سیال یکی از مهم­ ترین فرایندهای پالایشگاهی است که خوراک ­های هیدروکربنی سنگین را به فراورده­ های سبک­ تر تبدیل می­ کند. به ­دلیل اهمیت بالای این فرایند، پژوهشگران زیادی جنبه ­های گوناگون این فرایند را مورد بررسی قرار داده اند. در این مقاله مرور جامعی بر مطالعه­ های مربوطه انجام شده است. تمرکز اصلی این بررسی روی سه دسته شامل شبکه­ های سینتیکی، مدل­ سازی پایا و ناپایا و بهینه­ سازی فرایند است. مرور پژوهش­ ها از سال 1970 میلادی نشان می­ دهد که بررسی­ های سینتیکی اساساً بر اساس روش توده­ ای بودند که در آن مخلوط واکنش با طبقه­ بندی­ های گوناگون به گروه­ های اصلی تقسیم می­ شود که ممکن است بر اساس تعداد کربن گونه­ ها یا نوع اجزاء تعریف شود. تعداد توده­ های مربوطه به طور عمده از 3 تا 19 توده محدود می­ شدند. افزون بر این در مدل­ سازی فرایند به طور معمول دو تجهیز اصلی شامل بالابرنده ­ی راکتور و احیاءکننده در نظر گرفته شده ­اند. مدل­ های اولیه­ ی احیاءکننده شامل مدل­ های احیاءکننده­ ی تک فازی، تماس ساده با جریان لوله ­ای و واکنش ­های پراکندگی با مخزن­ های متوالی در مطالعه­ ها در نظر گرفته شده­ اند. همچنین مطالعه­ های گوناگونی به­ منظور در نظر گرفتن تجهیزهای بیش ­تر انجام شد. در برخی از مطالعه­ ها استفاده از معادله­ های مومنتم افزون بر معادله­ های جرم و انرژی در احیاءکننده نیز در نظر گرفته شد که چالش اصلی در توسعه­ ی مدل مربوطه تعیین پارامترهای مورد استفاده بود. بررسی تأثیر دمای کاتالیست ورودی و نسبت کاتالیست به خوراک نیز در پژوهش ­های دیگر انجام شده است. بهینه­ سازی فرایند نیز به طور معمول در شرایط پایا بوده است و بهینه­ سازی دینامیکی کم­ تر استفاده شده است. الگوریتم­ های گوناگونی از جمله ژنتیک و ازدحام ذره­ ها مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفتند. دیده شد که الگوریتم ازدحام ذره­ ها از الگوریتم ژنتیک ساده ­تر تنظیم می­ شود و کار کردن با آن راحت­ تر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


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