1
Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
2
Faculty of Physics, Damghan University, P.O. Box: 36716-411167, Damghan-Iran
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, as compounds with broad applications in both medical (e.g., treatment of bone disorders) and industrial (e.g., scale and corrosion inhibition) fields, have attracted significant research interest. In this study, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) was synthesized via the reaction of acetic anhydride with phosphorous acid. The novelty of this work lies in the application of ultrasonic waves as a green energy source, offering an alternative to conventional heating methods. Cavitation induced by ultrasound substantially optimized the reaction conditions, enhancing the synthesis yield from 68% to 93% while reducing the reaction time from 6 hours to 40 minutes. The product structure was characterized using FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that ultrasonic-assisted synthesis not only decreases energy and chemical consumption but also produces a higher-purity product with minimal by-products. This approach provides a novel, efficient, and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of bisphosphonate compounds.
Sattarzadeh khamneh,E. , SHOUHANI,S. , kakaei,S. and johari daha,F. (2026). Improved ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a Bone-Targeting Agent. (e735759). Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran, (), e735759
MLA
Sattarzadeh khamneh,E. , , SHOUHANI,S. , , kakaei,S. , and johari daha,F. . "Improved ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a Bone-Targeting Agent" .e735759 , Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran, , , 2026, e735759.
HARVARD
Sattarzadeh khamneh E., SHOUHANI S., kakaei S., johari daha F. (2026). 'Improved ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a Bone-Targeting Agent', Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran, (), e735759.
CHICAGO
E. Sattarzadeh khamneh, S. SHOUHANI, S. kakaei and F. johari daha, "Improved ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a Bone-Targeting Agent," Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran, (2026): e735759,
VANCOUVER
Sattarzadeh khamneh E., SHOUHANI S., kakaei S., johari daha F. Improved ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxy ethylene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a Bone-Targeting Agent. NSMSI, 2026; (): e735759.
