Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran

Transport Mechanism of Thorium(IV) through a Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid as Carrier

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
saeed alamdar milani 1
Hamid Reza Arabi 2
1 Material and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Campus of Technical Faculties, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The paper, presents an analysis of the mechanism of thorium ions (IV) transfer in a polymer inclusion  membrane (PIM). A PIM membrane containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the base polymer­, and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as extracting agent (carrier) was used for the recovery of Th(IV) ions in nitric acid medium. First of all, the influence of the carrier concentration as an important parameter in the transport efficiency was investigated. Also, the aqueous phase parameters including the initial concentration of thorium (IV) and pH of the feed phase, the strippiing phase acid concentration were evaluated. Regardless of  the initial concentration of thorium (IV), for experimental conditions, 45% Wt of D2EHPA, was found as the optimal value of carrier concentration, for which the process was the most effective. Studies on the transport kinetics and transport mechanism of Th(IV) ions carried out and the results showed that the transport of Th(IV) across PIM was consistent with the first order kinetics equation and the “jumping” mechanism for the experimental conditions was concluded as the dominant transport mechanism.
Keywords
Polymer inclusion membrane (PIM)
Thorium (IV) transport
Jumpping mechanism
D2EHPA
Kinetics

Subjects

[1] Furukawa K., Arakawa K. Berrin Erbay L., Ito Y., Kato Y., Kiyavitskaya H., Lecocq A., Mitachi K., Moir R., Numata H., Pleasant J. Paul, Sato Y., Shimazu Y., Simonenco Vadim A., Sood Din Dayal, Urban C., Yoshioka R., A Road Map for the Realization of Global-scale Thorium Breeding Fuel Cycle by Single Molten-Fluoride Flow,  Energy Conversion and Management, 49: 1832–1848 (2008).
[2]  Dennis K.H., Mushakov A., (2008).Thorium: The Fuel of Future, Nuclear Energy Review, www.thoriumpower.com, 2 (2008).
[3] International Atomic Energy Agency, Thorium Fuel Cycles: Potential Benefits and Challenges, Vienna, Australia: 5-20 (2005).
[4] Meera R., “Synergistic Solvent Extraction of Thorium (IV) and Uranium (VI) with R-Diketones in Presence of Oxo-Donors”, Ph.D. Thesis, India, Chap. 1-5 (2004). 
[5] Renae Jamison, “Thorium: Chemical Properties, Uses and Environmental Effects”, New York: Nova Publishers (2014).
[6]­ Habashi F., “Textbook of Hydrometallurgy”, Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada: 430-440 (1993).
[7] Anirudhan T. S., Rijith S., Tharun A. R., “Adsorptive Removal of Thorium (IV) from Aqueous Solutions Using Poly (Methacrylic Acid)-Grafted Chitosan/Bentonite Composite Matrix: Process Design and Equilibrium Studies”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 368: 13-22 (2010).
[8] Bhainsa K. C., D'Souza S .F., Thorium Biosorption by Aspergillus Fumigatus, a Filamentous Fungal Biomass, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165: 670-676 (2009).
[9] Gong, R., Jin, Y., Sun J., Zhong K­., Preparation and Utilization of Rice Straw Bearing Carboxyl Groups for  Removal Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solution, Dyes Pigments, 76: 519–524 (2008).
[10] Koorepazan Moftakhar M., Habibi L., Yaftian M. Reza.,  Selective and Efficient Ligandless Water-in-Oil Emulsion Liquid Membrane Transport of Thorium(IV) Ions, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng (IJCCE)., 35­(­4): 125-134 (2016).
[11] Sarangi K., Das R.P., Separation of Copper and Zinc by Supported Liquid Membrane Using TOPS-99 as Mobile Carrier, Hydrometallurgy 71: 335–342 (2004).  
[12] Tavakoli S., Alamdar Milani S., Shirani A. S., Charkhi, A., Kinetic and Mechanism of Thorium(IV) Transport Through a Bulk Liquid Membrane Containing Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phosphoric Acid in Kerosene, Journal of Separation Science and Engineering., 9(2): 37-50 (2017).
[13] Alamdar Milani S., Zahakifar F.,  Charkhi A., Continuous Bulk Liquid Membrane Technique for Thorium Transport: Modeling and Experimental Validation, Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 16(4):1-10 (2018).
[14] Nghiem L. D., Mornane P., Potter I., Perera J., Cattral R., Kolev S., Extraction and Transport of Metal Ions and Small Organic Compounds Using Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs)., Journal of Membrane Science, 281­(1-2): 7-41 (2006).
[15] Mahanty B.,  ­Mohapatra P.K.  ­Raut D.R.,  Das. D.K., ­Behere ­M. Afzal, Verboom W., Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing a Tripodal Diglycolamide Ligand: Actinide Ion Uptake and Transport Studies, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,  55­(7): 2202–2209 (2016).
[16]  Yildiz Y., Manzak A., Aydýn B., Tutkun O.,  Preparation and Application of Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) Including Alamine 336 for Extraction of Metals from an Aqueous Solution, Material in Technology / Materials and Technology, 48(5): 791–796 (2014).
[17] Koladkar D. V., Dhadke P. M., Extraction and Separation of Th(IV) and U(VI) from Nitric Acid Media Using PIA-8 and HDEHP, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 253: 297–302 (2002).
[18] El-Hefny N. E., Daoud J. A., Extraction and Separation of Thorium(IV) and Praseodymium (III) With Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 from Nitrate Medium, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 261: 357-363 (2004).
[19] Karve M., Gaur C., Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Th(IV) with Cyanex302, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 270: 461-464 (2006).
[20] Dinkar A. K., Singh Suman Kumar, Tripathi S. C., Verma R., Reddy A. V. R., Studies on the Separation and Recovery of Thorium from Nitric Acid Medium using (2-ethyl hexyl) Phosphonic Acid, Mono (2-ethyl hexyl) Ester (PC88A)/ N-Dodecane as Extractant System, Separation Science and Technology, 47: 1748–1753 (2012).
[21] Yin S. H., Li S. W., Xie F., Chang L-B., Peng J. H., Study on the Aqueous Solution Behavior and Extraction Mechanism of Nd(III) in the Presence of the Complexing Agent Lactic Acid with Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid, RSC Advances, 5: 64550-64556 (2015).
[22] Dalai B., Dash S.K., Singh S.K., Swain N., Swain B.B., Physico-Chemical Properties of di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid with Apolar Solvents from Ultrasonic Studies, Physics and Chemistry of Liquids: An International Journal,50­(2): 242-253 (2012).
[23] Cathbert F.L., “Thorium Production Technology”, National Lead Company of Ohio, United States of America: 104-120 (1958).
[24] Zebroski E. L., Alter H.W., Heumann F.K., Thorium Complexes with Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Phosphate and Sulfate; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73: U.S.A: 5646-5650 (1951).
[25] Riggs JA, Smith BD., Facilitated Transport of Small Carbohydrates Through Plasticized Cellulose Triacetate Membranes. Evidence for Fixed-Site Jumping Transport Mechanism., J Am Chem Soc, 119: 2765–2766 (1997).
[26] Ferraz H. C., Duarte L. T., Alves M. D. L., Habert A. C., Borges C. P., Recent Achievements in Facilitated Transport Membranes for Separation Processes, Brazilian J. of Chem. Eng., 24: 101-118 (2007).
[27] Ochromowicz K., Apostoluk W., Modelling of Carrier Mediated Transport of Cr(III) in the SLM System With D2EHPA, Separation and Purification Technology, 72: 112-117 (2010).
[28] Rajewski J, Łobodzin P., Abexperimental Analysis of the Transport Mechanism of Chromium (III) Ions in the Polymer Inclusion Membrane System Stract. Problemy Eksploatacji: 105-117 (2016).
[29] Baba A., Adekola F.A., Beneficiation of a Nigerian Sphalerite Mineral: Solvent Extraction of Zinc by Cyanex 272 in Hydrochloric Acid., Hydrometallurgy, 109: 187-193 (2011).
[30] Cussler E. L,  Aris R., Brown A., On the Limits of Facilitated Diffusion., Journal of Membrane Science, 43: 146-149 (1989).
[31] Gherrou A., Kerdjoudj H., Molinari R., Seta P., Drioli E., Fixed Sites Plasticized Cellulose Triacetate Membranes Containing Crown Ethers for Silver(I), Copper(II) and Gold(III) Ions Transport., Journal of Membrane Science, 228: 49-157 (2004).
[32] White K. M., Smith B.­D., Duggan P.­J., Sheahan S. L., Tyndall E. M., Mechanism of Facilitated Saccharide Transport Through Plasticized Cellulose Triacetate Membranes., Journal of Membrane Science, 194: 165-175 (2001).
[33] Yahaya G. O., Brisdon B. J., England R., Facilitated Transport of Lactic Acid and Its Ethyl Ester by Supported Liquid Membranes Containing Functionalized Polyorganosiloxanes as Carriers, Journal of Membrane Science, 168: 187-201 (2000).
[34] Yahaya G. O., Brisdon B. J., England R., Hamada E.Z., Analysis of Carrier Mediated Transport Through Supported Liquid Membranes Using Functionalized Polyorganosiloxanes as Integrated Mobile/Fixed-Site Carrier Systems, Journal of Membrane Science, 172: 253-268 (2000).
[35] Gawronski R., Religa P., Transport Mechanism of Chromium­(III) Through the Unmixed Bulk Liquid Membrane Containing Dinonylnaph-Thalenesulfonic Acid as a Carrier, Journal of Membrane Science, 289: 187-190 (2007).
[36] Kalachev A.A., Kardivarenko L.M., Facilitated Diffusion in Immobilized Liquid Membranes: Experimental Verification of the “Jumping” Mechanism and Percolation Threshold in Membrane Transport., Journal of Membrane Science, 75: 1–5 (1992).
[37] San Miguel E.R., Monroy-Barreto M., Aguilar J.C., Ocampo A.C., Gyves J., Structural Effects on Metal Ion Migration Across Polymer Inclusion Membranes: Dependence of Membrane Properties and Transport Profiles on 1-2016 Problemy Eksploatacji – Maintenance Prob-LEMS 117 the Weight and Volume Fractions of the Components., Journal of Membrane Science, 379: 416–425 (2011). 
[38] Religa P., Rajewski J., Gierycz P., S´wietlik R., Kinetics of Chromium(III) Transport Through a Liquid Membrane Containing DNNSA as a Carrier, Int J Mol Sci. Mar; 10(3): 964–975 (2009).
[39] Religa P., Rajewski J., Gierycz P.; S´wietlik, R., Supported Liquid Membrane System for Cr(III) Separation from Cr(III)/Cr(VI) Mixtures, Water Sci Technol, 69(12):2476-2481 (2014).
[40] Zawierucha Iwona, Nowik-Zajac Anna, Kozlowski Cezary A., Removal of Pb(II) Ions Using Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Calix[4]Resorcinarene Derivative as Ion Carrier, Polymers (Basel)., 11(12): 2111 (2019).
[41] ­Meng X.,  Wang L., ­Tang W., Transport of Phenol Through Polymer Inclusion Membrane with N,N-Di(1-Methylheptyl) Acetamide as Carriers from Aqueous Solution, Journal of Membrane Science,  493:  615-621 (2015).
[42] Xiaorong M., Conghui W., Pan. Xiaoqiang X., Lei W., Transport and Selectivity of Indium Through Polymer Inclusion Membrane in Hydrochloric Acid Medium, Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(6): 1-10 (2017).
[43] Alguacil F.J., Alonso M., Description of Transport Mechanism During the Elimination of Copper(II) from Wastewaters Using Supported Liquid Membranes and Acorga M5640 as Carrier, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 2389 (2005).
[44] Paugam M.F., Buffle J., Comparison of Carrier-Facilitated Copper(II) Ion Transport Mechanisms in a Supported Liquid Membrane and in a Plasticized Cellulose Triacetate Membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 147: 207–215 (1998).
[45] Munro T.A., Smith B.D., Facilitated Transport of Amino Acids by Fixed Site Jumping, Chem. Commun., 22: 2167–2168 (1997).
[46] Sato T., The Extraction of Thorium from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phosphoric Acid, Zeitschrift Fur Anorganische Und Allgemeine, Chemie., :296-304 (1968).
[47] Kebiche-Senhadji O., Tingry S., Seta P., Benamor M., Selective Extraction of Cr(VI) Over Metallic Species by Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) Using Anion (Aliquat 336) as Carrier,  Desalination, 258:  59–65 (2010).
[48] Raut D., Kandwal P., Rebello G., Mohapatra P., Evaluation of Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Calix [4]-Bis-2, 3-Naptho-Crown-6 for Cs Recovery from Acidic Feeds: Transport Behavior, Morphology and Modeling Studies, J. Membr. Sci.,  407: ­17–26 (2012).
[49] Gulsin Arslan A.Y., Tor A., Ersoz M., Preparation of Polymer Inclusion Membrane with Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate as a Carrier Reagent for Selective Transport of Zinc Ions, Desal. Water Treat., 75: 348–356 (2017).
[50] de Gyves J., Rodr´ıguez de San Miguel E., Metal Ion Separations by Supported Liquid Membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38: 2182 (1999).
[51] Mohapatra P.K., Pathak P.N., Kelkar A., Manchanda V.K., Novel Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing a Macrocyclic Ionophore for Selective Removal of Strontium from Nuclear Waste Solution, New. J. Chem. 28: 1004 (2004).
[52] Font`as C., Tayeb R., Dhahbi M., Gaudichet E., Thominette F., Roy P., Steenkeste K., Fontaine-Aupart M-P, Tingry S., Tronel-Peyroz E., Seta P., Polymer Inclusion Membranes: The Concept of Fixed Sites Membrane Revised, 290: 62–72 (2007).
[53] Nandita PANDA, Nihar Bala DEVI, Sujata MISHRA, Solvent Extraction of Praseodymium(III) from Acidic Nitrate Medium Using Cyanex 921 and Cyanex 923 as Extractants in Kerosene, Turk J Chem, 38: 504 – 511 (2014).