Stepwise Thiourea-Based Tungsten Oxide Supported Graphitic Carbon Nitride Preparation: Study of Sulfur-Doped Bulk and Nanosheets g-C3N4/WO3 in Photo Oxidation Degradation of Methylene-Blue Pollution Using Visible Light Radiation

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Organic and Nano Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

2 Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, I.R. IRAN

Abstract

Taguchi model is a model for the analysis of experiments, that predicts both the effects of each factor and the optimum level of them using a certain number of experiments. The purpose of this study was the optimization of Cd(II) ions adsorption on the cobalt oxide using the Taguchi model. The characterization of synthesized cobalt oxide was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transfer InfraRed (FT-IR) spectrometry and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). In this experimental study, the cobalt oxide was prepared in a few steps. Then, 4 main factors (i.e. temperature, amount of absorption, contact time, and pH) on 4 levels were selected by Matrix L25 trials and the experiments were conducted in this matrix. Finally, the adsorption of Cd(II) on cobalt oxide was determined in optimal conditions. The optimization of the adsorption process using the Taguchi model showed that the factors of importance for optimizing respectively were: contact time of 20 minutes, pH =8, temperature=15 °Cand adsorbent dosages of 25 mg. The maximum adsorption in optimal conditions was determined 96/21.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] L. Zhou, W. Zhang, L. Chen, H. Deng, J. Wan, A novel ternary visible-light-driven photocatalyst AgCl/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4: Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity for antibiotic degradation and mechanism analysis, Catalysis Communications, 100:  191-195  (2017).
[2] D. Ghosh, K.G. Bhattacharyya, Adsorption of methylene blue on kaolinite, Applied Clay Science, 20:  295-300  (2002).
[3] S. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wang, Y. Huang, M. Zeng, J. Xu, In situ ion exchange synthesis of strongly coupled Ag@ AgCl/g-C3N4 porous nanosheets as plasmonic photocatalyst for highly efficient visible-light photocatalysis, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 6:  22116-22125  (2014).
[4] X.-j. Wang, W.-y. Yang, F.-t. Li, Y.-b. Xue, R.-h. Liu, Y.-j. Hao, In situ microwave-assisted synthesis of porous N-TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52:  17140-17150  (2013).
[5] Y.-P. Zhu, T.-Z. Ren, Z.-Y. Yuan, Mesoporous phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 nanostructured flowers with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7:  16850-16856  (2015).
[6] C. Lu, R. Chen, X. Wu, M. Fan, Y. Liu, Z. Le, S. Jiang, S. Song, Boron doped gC 3 N 4 with enhanced photocatalytic UO 2 2+ reduction performance, Applied Surface Science, 360:  1016-1022  (2016).
[7] L. Song, S. Zhang, X. Wu, Q. Wei, A metal-free and graphitic carbon nitride sonocatalyst with high sonocatalytic activity for degradation methylene blue, Chemical Engineering Journal, 184:  256-260  (2012).
[8] X. Wang, K. Maeda, X. Chen, K. Takanabe, K. Domen, Y. Hou, X. Fu, M. Antonietti, Polymer semiconductors for artificial photosynthesis: hydrogen evolution by mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with visible light, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131:  1680-1681  (2009).
[9] Y. Zhang, J. Liu, G. Wu, W. Chen, Porous graphitic carbon nitride synthesized via direct polymerization of urea for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production, Nanoscale, 4:  5300-5303  (2012).
[10] S. Yan, Z. Li, Z. Zou, Photodegradation performance of g-C3N4 fabricated by directly heating melamine, Langmuir, 25:  10397-10401  (2009).
[11] G. Zhang, J. Zhang, M. Zhang, X. Wang, Polycondensation of thiourea into carbon nitride semiconductors as visible light photocatalysts, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22:  8083-8091  (2012).
[12] Y. Meng, J. Shen, D. Chen, G. Xin, Photodegradation performance of methylene blue aqueous solution on Ag/g-C3N4 catalyst, Rare Metals, 30:  276-279  (2011).
[13] H.-Y. Chen, L.-G. Qiu, J.-D. Xiao, S. Ye, X. Jiang, Y.-P. Yuan, Inorganic–organic hybrid NiO–gC 3 N 4 photocatalyst for efficient methylene blue degradation using visible light, RSC Advances, 4:  22491-22496  (2014).
[14] S. Vadivel, D. Maruthamani, A. Habibi-Yangjeh, B. Paul, S.S. Dhar, K. Selvam, Facile synthesis of novel CaFe 2 O 4/gC 3 N 4 nanocomposites for degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation, Journal of colloid and interface science, 480:  126-136  (2016).
[15] Y. Ke, H. Guo, D. Wang, J. Chen, W. Weng, ZrO2/g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation, Journal of Materials Research, 29:  2473-2482  (2014).
[16] E. Doustkhah, S. Rostamnia, B. Gholipour, B. Zeynizadeh, A. Baghban, R. Luque, Design of chitosan-dithiocarbamate magnetically separable catalytic nanocomposites for greener aqueous oxidations at room temperature, Molecular Catalysis, 434:  7-15  (2017).
[17] S. Rostamnia, B. Gholipour, X. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Arandiyan, NH2-coordinately immobilized tris (8-quinolinolato) iron onto the silica coated magnetite nanoparticle: Fe3O4@ SiO2-FeQ3 as a selective Fenton-like catalyst for clean oxidation of sulfides, Journal of colloid and interface science, 511:  447  (2017).
[18] E. Doustkhah, S. Rostamnia, H.G. Hossieni, R. Luque, Covalently Bonded PIDA on SBA‐15 as Robust Pd Support: Water‐Tolerant Designed Catalysts for Aqueous Suzuki Couplings, ChemistrySelect, 2:  329-334  (2017).
[19] S. Rostamnia, M. Jafari, Metal–organic framework of amine‐MIL‐53 (Al) as active and reusable liquid‐phase reaction inductor for multicomponent condensation of Ugi‐type reactions, Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 31:   (2017).
[20] S. Rostamnia, S. Kholdi, Synthesis of hybrid interfacial silica-based nanospheres composite as a support for ultra-small palladium nanoparticle and application of PdNPs/HSN in Mizoroki-Heck reaction, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 111:  47-53  (2017).
[21] S. Rostamnia, E. Doustkhah, B. Zeynizadeh, Cationic modification of SBA-15 pore walls for Pd supporting: Pd@ SBA-15/IL DABCO as a catalyst for Suzuki coupling in water medium, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 222:  87-93  (2016).
[22] S. Rostamnia, E. Doustkhah, R. Bulgar, B. Zeynizadeh, Supported palladium ions inside periodic mesoporous organosilica with ionic liquid framework (Pd@ IL-PMO) as an efficient green catalyst for S-arylation coupling, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 225:  272-279  (2016).
[23] S. Rostamnia, E. Doustkhah, A mesoporous silica/fluorinated alcohol adduct: an efficient metal-free, three-component synthesis of indazolophthalazinetrione heterocycles using a reusable nanoporous/trifluoroethanol adduct (SBA-15/TFE), Tetrahedron Letters, 55:  2508-2512  (2014).
[24] S. Rostamnia, A. Morsali, Basic isoreticular nanoporous metal–organic framework for Biginelli and Hantzsch coupling: IRMOF-3 as a green and recoverable heterogeneous catalyst in solvent-free conditions, RSC Advances, 4:  10514-10518  (2014).
[25] S. Rostamnia, H. Alamgholiloo, X. Liu, Pd-grafted open metal site copper-benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylate metal organic frameworks (Cu-BDC MOF’s) as promising interfacial catalysts for sustainable Suzuki coupling, Journal of colloid and interface science, 469:  310-317  (2016).
[26] K.-i. Katsumata, R. Motoyoshi, N. Matsushita, K. Okada, Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/WO3 composites and enhanced visible-light-driven photodegradation of acetaldehyde gas, Journal of hazardous materials, 260:  475-482  (2013).
[27] Z. Jin, N. Murakami, T. Tsubota, T. Ohno, Complete oxidation of acetaldehyde over a composite photocatalyst of graphitic carbon nitride and tungsten (VI) oxide under visible-light irradiation, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 150:  479-485  (2014).
[28] J. Ding, Q. Liu, Z. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Zhao, S. Cheng, B. Zong, W.-L. Dai, Carbon nitride nanosheets decorated with WO 3 nanorods: ultrasonic-assisted facile synthesis and catalytic application in the green manufacture of dialdehydes, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 165:  511-518  (2015).
[29] H.J. Kong, D.H. Won, J. Kim, S.I. Woo, Sulfur-doped g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst for water oxidation under visible light, Chemistry of Materials, 28:  1318-1324  (2016).

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics